Advancements in magnetic catalysts: Preparation, modification, and applications in photocatalytic and environmental remediation.

Owing to their widely available source materials, simple magnetic separation, and low cost, magnetic catalysts have demonstrated considerable application potential in modern photocatalysis technologies and environmental remediation. This review summarizes the synthesis and modification methods of magnetic catalysts and describes recent advances using different synthesis methods. Several key problems still need to be solved in the existing progress, such as the fact that the catalytic activity of magnetic catalysts decreases over time. Under an external magnetic field, magnetic catalysts exhibit satisfactory energy bandgaps and charge transfer rates for photocatalysis, enabling wide and comprehensive photocatalytic applications. In addition, they are strong candidate materials for wastewater treatment and new-energy applications. In summary, the review provides future directions for the development of novel magnetic catalysts, contaminant removal, and even large-scale practical applications.