Saqib Shahab E, Yaseen Muhammad, Yang Shang-Ho, Ali Shoukat, Visetnoi Supawan
School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
School of Agricultural Resources, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Agribusiness Management, Department of Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand.
J Environ Manage. 2025 Jan;373:123447. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.123447. Epub 2024 Nov 27.
Farming communities in many developing nations are facing the impacts of climate change, characterized by greater variability and frequency of extreme weather events, which threaten their livelihoods and the agricultural sector as a whole. Agricultural sustainability is at risk when farmers engage in off-farm activities to protect their economic future and combat climate change. This study aimed to identify the determinants of off-farm management activities adoption and highlight the issues faced by farmers after their adoption in agriculture. The data were collected data through a questionnaire survey from 360 farm households in Pakistan. The study utilized a stepwise probit regression to analyse the adoption of land use and migration-based diversification as risk management strategies. The results indicated that marital status, household size, risk perception of rains, floods, drought, and extreme weather were the factors determining the adoption of land use and migration-based diversification as risk management strategies. However, livestock showed a negative association with the adoption of these strategies. Moreover, the study identified crop failure as the primary reason to adopt off-farm strategies, followed by rising production costs. The results showed that farmers were managing climate change risks at the cost of farmland, labour loss, and increased production costs. The study is unique in its focus on the unanticipated negative effects of this adaptation. The findings emphasize the need for investment in climate-smart agriculture and financial assistance for farmers. Building a sustainable agricultural system needs more than just adaptation: long-term practices and financial protections to stabilize farmers' incomes and help rural areas develop.
许多发展中国家的农业社区正面临气候变化的影响，其特点是极端天气事件的变化性和频率增加，这威胁到他们的生计以及整个农业部门。当农民从事非农业活动以保护其经济未来并应对气候变化时，农业可持续性就面临风险。本研究旨在确定采用非农业管理活动的决定因素，并突出农民在农业中采用这些活动后面临的问题。通过问卷调查从巴基斯坦的360个农户收集了数据。该研究采用逐步概率回归分析作为风险管理策略的土地利用和基于迁移的多样化的采用情况。结果表明，婚姻状况、家庭规模、对降雨、洪水、干旱和极端天气的风险认知是决定采用土地利用和基于迁移的多样化作为风险管理策略的因素。然而，牲畜与采用这些策略呈负相关。此外，该研究确定作物歉收是采用非农业策略的主要原因，其次是生产成本上升。结果表明，农民正在以农田、劳动力损失和生产成本增加为代价来应对气候变化风险。该研究的独特之处在于其关注这种适应带来的意外负面影响。研究结果强调了对气候智能型农业进行投资以及为农民提供财政援助的必要性。建立一个可持续的农业系统不仅仅需要适应：还需要长期实践和财政保护来稳定农民收入并帮助农村地区发展。
