Moreno-Mulet Cristina, Valdivielso-Navarro Joaquín, Miró-Bonet Margalida, Carrero-Planells Alba, Gastaldo Denise
Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
Care, Chronicity and Health evidence Research Group (CurES-IDISBA), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain.
Nurs Philos. 2025 Jan;26(1):e70008. doi: 10.1111/nup.70008.
In this paper, we bring together Foucault's biography and oeuvre to explore key concepts that support the analysis of nurses' acts of resistance. Foucault reflected on the power relations taking place in health services, making his contribution especially useful for the analysis of resistance in this context. Over three decades, he proposed a nonnormative philosophy while concomitantly engaging in transgressive practices guided by values such as human rights and social justice. Hence, Foucault's philosophy and public activism are an apparent contradiction, but we argue that when analysed together they allow for a different understanding of his work. We describe the evolution of the concept of resistance in Foucault's work, supported by the approaches of Brent Picket (1996) and Miguel Morey (2013). Foucault started his work considering the idea of transgressiveness as it connects to being at the margins of society. He then spent considerable time elaborating the concept of power and identifying resistance strategies as forms of power exercise. In doing so, he considered that people engage with social change from multiple positions, including limited desire for change, fomenting reforms, or engaging in everyday revolutionary acts. As he further elaborated on power relations and defined resistance, Foucault asserted that resistance involves both repressive and productive dimensions of power, governance of biological life, state governance, and deliberate practices of illegalisms. Finally, Foucault shifted his attention to the freedom of ethical subjects, proposing the use of counter-conduct and counter-discourses to speak truth against oppression. Such framework offers a comprehensive lens for analysing nurses' acts of resistance within the complexities of the healthcare system and in society. In summary, Foucault's conceptual framework on resistance expands the role of nurses, to understand them not only as caregivers, but also as political agents capable of confronting and transforming oppressive institutional practices.
在本文中，我们将福柯的生平与著作结合起来，探讨一些关键概念，这些概念有助于分析护士的抵抗行为。福柯对卫生服务中发生的权力关系进行了反思，这使得他的贡献对于在此背景下分析抵抗行为尤为有用。在三十多年的时间里，他提出了一种非规范性哲学，同时参与了以人权和社会正义等价值观为指导的越界实践。因此，福柯的哲学与公共行动主义看似矛盾，但我们认为，将它们放在一起分析能让我们对他的作品有不同的理解。我们借助布伦特·皮克特（1996年）和米格尔·莫雷（2013年）的研究方法，描述了福柯作品中抵抗概念的演变。福柯在其研究之初考虑的是越界性概念，因为它与处于社会边缘相关。然后，他花了大量时间阐述权力概念，并将抵抗策略确定为权力行使的形式。在此过程中，他认为人们从多个立场参与社会变革，包括对变革的有限渴望、推动改革或参与日常革命行为。随着他进一步阐述权力关系并定义抵抗，福柯断言，抵抗涉及权力的压制性和生产性维度、生物生命的治理、国家治理以及故意的非法主义实践。最后，福柯将注意力转向伦理主体的自由，提议运用反行为和反话语来对抗压迫，说出真相。这样的框架为分析护士在医疗系统和社会复杂性中的抵抗行为提供了一个全面的视角。总之，福柯关于抵抗的概念框架扩展了护士的角色，使我们不仅将他们视为护理者，还视为能够对抗和改变压迫性制度实践的政治主体。
