Motakefi Mahdi, Dahmardeh Mehdi, Ghanbari Seyed Ahmad, Asgharipour Mohammad Reza
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
Heliyon. 2024 Oct 10;10(20):e39210. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39210. eCollection 2024 Oct 30.
In recent times, the increasing influx of energy inputs into farming systems has led to a significant enhancement in their overall efficiency. However, this has happened at the expense of endangering the sustainability of these systems and degrading the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a methodology to evaluate the resilience of agricultural systems. This study utilised the Steinborn and Svirezhev methodology to assess five different production systems (wheat, barley, alfalfa, cotton, and Pistachio) within the Goharkuh Taftan agro-industrial complex. The approach measures the excessive production of entropy, which acts as an indicator of the system's departure from sustainability. The study focuses on four components: overproduction of entropy, limit energy load, maximum crop yield for sustainable agriculture, and deviation from sustainable agriculture. The results indicated that the production systems analysed in this study produce surplus entropy, thus rendering them in an unstable condition. Among all the products, alfalfa had the lowest entropy overproduction, while pistachio had the highest. The three agricultural commodities, namely wheat, barley, and cotton, are situated at a point equidistant from the two opposite ends. Alfalfa has shown greater energy use efficiency compared to pistachios. It surpasses the maximum crop yield for sustainable agriculture and has less deviation from sustainable agriculture than other integrated production systems. The differences in the intensity of energy flow and the structural characteristics of the integrated production systems were responsible for the variations in the values of the examined components. Nevertheless, none of these solutions are sustainable in the long term. An analysis of the energy inputs and components of the harvest index revealed the importance of implementing management techniques that decrease the intensity of energy flows into these systems and enhance the harvest index to attain a sustainable state. Integrating supplementary renewable energy sources will bolster the long-term sustainability of production systems.
近年来，农业系统中能量输入的不断增加使其整体效率得到显著提高。然而，这是以危及这些系统的可持续性和破坏环境为代价的。因此，开发一种评估农业系统恢复力的方法至关重要。本研究采用斯坦伯恩和斯维列热夫方法，对戈哈尔库赫塔夫坦农工综合体内的五种不同生产系统（小麦、大麦、苜蓿、棉花和开心果）进行评估。该方法测量熵的过度产生，熵可作为系统偏离可持续性的指标。该研究聚焦于四个组成部分：熵的过度产生、极限能量负荷、可持续农业的最大作物产量以及与可持续农业的偏差。结果表明，本研究分析的生产系统产生了过剩的熵，从而使其处于不稳定状态。在所有产品中，苜蓿的熵过度产生最低，而开心果最高。小麦、大麦和棉花这三种农产品位于与两端等距的点上。与开心果相比，苜蓿显示出更高的能源利用效率。它超过了可持续农业的最大作物产量，并且与其他综合生产系统相比，与可持续农业的偏差更小。综合生产系统中能量流强度和结构特征的差异导致了所研究组成部分数值的变化。然而，从长远来看，这些解决方案都不可持续。对能量输入和收获指数组成部分的分析表明，实施管理技术以降低流入这些系统的能量流强度并提高收获指数以实现可持续状态非常重要。整合补充性可再生能源将增强生产系统的长期可持续性。
