Eick Stephanie M, Sehgal Neha, Salamova Amina, Fiedler Nancy, Hood Robert B, Yakimavets Volha, Promkam Nattawadee, Prapamontol Tippawan, Suttiwan Panrapee, Sittiwang Supattra, Mangklabruks Ampica, Naksen Warangkana, Panuwet Parinya, Barr Dana Boyd
Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2025 Mar;264:114509. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2024.114509. Epub 2024 Dec 7.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely detected in pregnant persons and can be transferred to the developing fetus in utero. Breastfeeding may represent an important source of PFAS exposure for infants. However, studies quantifying levels of PFAS in breastmilk samples remain scarce, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. We examined breastmilk as a postnatal PFAS exposure source among mother-infant pairs in Thailand. Pregnant farmworkers were enrolled in the Study of Asian Women and their Offspring's Development and Environmental Exposures (SAWASDEE), a prospective birth cohort in Northern Thailand, between 2017 and 2019. We quantified levels of eight PFAS in maternal serum samples obtained during the second trimester, as well as in breastmilk samples obtained at 9.5 months and 11.5 months in infancy (N = 46 matched pairs). For each PFAS, we calculated lactational (serum to milk) transfer efficiencies and lactational estimated daily intake. PFOA, PFOS PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA were detected in >90% of serum samples. PFOS was detected in >60% of breastmilk samples obtained at 9.5 and 11.5 months, while PFNA was detected in >50% of 9.5-month breastmilk samples only. All remaining PFAS were detected in <50% of breastmilk samples. The lactational transfer efficiency for PFOS was 7.03% (SD = 5.78) and 5.83% (SD = 5.21) at 9.5 and 11.5 months, respectively. The lactational estimated daily intake for PFOS was 12.1 ng/kg bodyweight/day (SD = 5.49) and 10 ng/kg bodyweight/day (SD = 6.22) at 9.5 and 11.5 months, respectively. For PFNA, the lactational transfer efficiency and estimated daily intake at 9.5 months was 14.7% (SD = 14.3) and 6.14% (SD = 3.40), respectively. Within one of the first PFAS biomonitoring studies conducted in Thailand, we found that legacy PFAS were widely detected in serum, and some compounds were also detected in breastmilk of farmworkers. This study provides new evidence enhancing our understanding of postnatal exposure to PFAS.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）在孕妇中被广泛检测到，并且可以在子宫内转移到发育中的胎儿体内。母乳喂养可能是婴儿接触PFAS的一个重要来源。然而，量化母乳样本中PFAS水平的研究仍然很少，特别是在低收入和中等收入国家。我们在泰国的母婴对中研究了母乳作为产后PFAS暴露源的情况。2017年至2019年期间，怀孕的农场工人被纳入亚洲女性及其后代发育与环境暴露研究（SAWASDEE），这是泰国北部的一个前瞻性出生队列。我们对孕中期采集的母体血清样本以及婴儿9.5个月和11.5个月时采集的母乳样本中的8种PFAS水平进行了量化（N = 46对匹配样本）。对于每种PFAS，我们计算了哺乳期（血清到乳汁）转移效率和哺乳期估计每日摄入量。在超过90%的血清样本中检测到了全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）、全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）、全氟萘酸（PFNA）、全氟癸酸（PFDA）和全氟十一烷酸（PFUnDA）。在9.5个月和11.5个月采集 的母乳样本中，超过60%检测到了PFOS，而仅在9.5个月的母乳样本中，超过50%检测到了PFNA。所有其余的PFAS在不到50%的母乳样本中被检测到。PFOS在9.5个月和11.5个月时的哺乳期转移效率分别为7.03%（标准差 = 5.78）和5.83%（标准差 = 5.21）。PFOS在9.5个月和11.5个月时的哺乳期估计每日摄入量分别为12.1纳克/千克体重/天（标准差 = 5.49）和10纳克/千克体重/天（标准差 = 6.22）。对于PFNA，9.5个月时的哺乳期转移效率和估计每日摄入量分别为14.7%（标准差 = 14.3）和6.14%（标准差 = 3.40）。在泰国进行的首批PFAS生物监测研究之一中，我们发现持久性PFAS在血清中被广泛检测到，并且在农场工人的母乳中也检测到了一些化合物。这项研究提供了新的证据，增进了我们对产后PFAS暴露的理解。
