Chipeta Effie, Kaira Princess, Mhango Patani, Singogo Emmanuel, Mwapasa Victor, Muula Adamson S, Likaka Andrew, Chiwindo Titus, Hosseinipour Mina C, M'baya Bridon
Center for Reproductive Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi.
University of North Carolina (UNC) Project, Lilongwe, Malawi.
Transfus Med. 2025 Apr;35(2):125-137. doi: 10.1111/tme.13110. Epub 2024 Dec 8.
Despite the Malawi Blood Transfusion Service (MBTS) increasing the amount of blood collected since its inception in 2004, Malawi remains with a 27% deficit in required blood supplies nationally. We sought to understand the facilitators and barriers to blood donation among secondary school students in Malawi.
We utilised a qualitative exploratory design, with a sample of 135 participants purposefully selected from 16 secondary schools across Malawi. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews with 20 participants (inclusive of first-time and repeat donors, lapsed and non-donors), 20 key informant interviews (including community leaders, policy-level stakeholders and MBTS staff), and 16 focus group discussions involving 95 participants (community stakeholders and all donor categories). We used the consolidated framework for implementation research (CFIR) to assess barriers and facilitators of blood donation, focusing only on four CFIR domains: internal and external factors; the implementation process and individual characteristics influencing blood donation.
Blood donation among students are facilitated by altruism, incentives including milestone awards, knowledge, motivation, transport, peer pressure and individual health status. Common barriers cited included: negative experiences with the blood donation process, fear, unsupported environment, poor incentives, privacy issues and the donation activities starting late than scheduled.
While there have been efforts to motivate students to donate blood, significant barriers to blood donation still exist. Intensifying education and awareness campaigns may help dispel misconceptions and fears surrounding donation experiences and blood usage. Also, continuing with the provision of appropriate incentives including milestone awards may also encourage students.
尽管马拉维输血服务中心（MBTS）自2004年成立以来采集的血液量有所增加，但马拉维全国所需血液供应仍有27%的缺口。我们试图了解马拉维中学生献血的促进因素和障碍。
我们采用定性探索性设计，从马拉维16所中学中有意选取了135名参与者作为样本。数据收集方法包括对20名参与者（包括首次和重复献血者、过去献血但现在不再献血者以及从未献血者）进行深入访谈，对20名关键信息提供者（包括社区领袖、政策层面的利益相关者和MBTS工作人员）进行访谈，以及对95名参与者（社区利益相关者和所有献血类别）进行16次焦点小组讨论。我们使用实施研究综合框架（CFIR）来评估献血的障碍和促进因素，仅关注CFIR的四个领域：内部和外部因素；实施过程以及影响献血的个人特征。
利他主义、包括里程碑奖励在内的激励措施、知识、动机、交通、同伴压力和个人健康状况促进了学生献血。提到的常见障碍包括：献血过程中的负面经历、恐惧、缺乏支持的环境、激励不足、隐私问题以及献血活动比预定时间开始得晚。
虽然一直在努力激励学生献血，但献血的重大障碍仍然存在。加强教育和宣传活动可能有助于消除围绕献血经历和血液使用的误解和恐惧。此外，继续提供包括里程碑奖励在内的适当激励措施也可能鼓励学生。
