Shin Hye Ran, Song SuJin, Ly Sun Yung
Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
Department of Food and Nutrition, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea.
Nutr Res Pract. 2024 Dec;18(6):872-884. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2024.18.6.872. Epub 2024 Nov 26.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Appropriate vitamin D status improves bone health and chronic diseases; it has shown benefits during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Therefore, assessing vitamin D status is crucial. However, limited research on vitamin D intake among Koreans complicates understanding of its consumption. This study aimed to develop and validate a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess vitamin D intake among Koreans.
SUBJECTS/METHODS: A vitamin D FFQ was developed to include 31 vitamin D source foods from 8 food groups frequently consumed by Korean adults. The study included 152 women residing in a major city in South Korea. From September 2020 to August 2022, intake was surveyed using a 12-day dietary record (12-day DR) across 4 seasons, and 2 vitamin D FFQs were conducted approximately 9-11 months apart (FFQ1 and FFQ2). Reproducibility (FFQ1 vs. FFQ2) and validity (FFQ2 vs. 12-day DR) were verified using Spearman's rank correlation, weighted kappa coefficient, intraclass correlation, and Bland-Altman plots.
The vitamin D intake of Korean women using the newly developed vitamin D FFQ was higher at FFQ1 (4.90 µg/day) and FFQ2 (4.58 µg/day) compared with the 12-day DR (4.07 µg/day). Additionally, the results for reproducibility and validity were demonstrated through the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (reproducibility, 0.592; validity, 0.460), weighted kappa coefficient (reproducibility, 0.379; validity, 0.284), intraclass correlation coefficient (reproducibility, 0.599; validity, 0.543), and Bland-Altman plots (reproducibility index, 3.95%; validity index, 3.95%).
This study confirmed the newly developed vitamin D FFQ is reliable and valid for assessing vitamin D intake among Korean women. These results suggest the FFQ is an effective tool for dietary assessment, particularly in large-scale studies where year-round monitoring may not be feasible. Further validation in Korean men is crucial to enhance its applicability, enabling significant contributions to assessing vitamin D intake among Korean adults.
背景/目的：适当的维生素D水平可改善骨骼健康和慢性疾病；在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间已显示出其益处。因此，评估维生素D水平至关重要。然而，关于韩国人维生素D摄入量的研究有限，这使得对其摄入量的理解变得复杂。本研究旨在开发并验证一种半定量食物频率问卷（FFQ），以评估韩国人的维生素D摄入量。
对象/方法：开发了一份维生素D FFQ，纳入了韩国成年人经常食用的8个食物组中的31种维生素D来源食物。该研究纳入了居住在韩国一个主要城市的152名女性。从2020年9月到2022年8月，通过4个季节的12天饮食记录（12天DR）对摄入量进行调查，并在大约9至11个月的间隔内进行了2次维生素D FFQ调查（FFQ1和FFQ2）。使用Spearman等级相关性、加权kappa系数、组内相关性和Bland-Altman图验证了再现性（FFQ1与FFQ2）和有效性（FFQ2与12天DR）。
与12天DR（4.07μg/天）相比，使用新开发的维生素D FFQ的韩国女性在FFQ1（4.90μg/天）和FFQ2（4.58μg/天）时的维生素D摄入量更高。此外，通过Spearman等级相关系数（再现性，0.592；有效性，0.460）、加权kappa系数（再现性，0.379；有效性，0.284）、组内相关系数（再现性，0.599；有效性，0.543）和Bland-Altman图（再现性指数，3.95%；有效性指数，3.95%）证明了再现性和有效性的结果。
本研究证实新开发的维生素D FFQ在评估韩国女性维生素D摄入量方面是可靠且有效的。这些结果表明，FFQ是一种有效的饮食评估工具，特别是在全年监测可能不可行的大规模研究中。在韩国男性中进一步验证对于提高其适用性至关重要，这将为评估韩国成年人的维生素D摄入量做出重大贡献。
