Al Zunaidy Nada A, Al-Khalifa Abdulrahman S, Alhussain Maha H, Althwab Sami A, Mohammed Mohammed A, Faris MoezAlIslam E
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Front Nutr. 2024 Dec 4;11:1437169. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1437169. eCollection 2024.
The menopausal transition significantly affects cardiometabolic health, primarily due to changes in reproductive hormones, particularly decreased estrogen levels and relative androgen excess. Adult Muslim women, both pre-and post-menopausal, are mandated to observe Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) every year. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate RIF's effects on pre-menopausal (PRE-M) and post-menopausal (POST-M) healthy women's cardiometabolic health markers. This study further evaluated the relationship between tested markers and the participant's basic variables, such as BMI and body fatness. Due to differences in physiological and metabolic biomarkers between groups, RIF is likely to impact PRE-M and POST-M women differently.
This study included 62 healthy women (31 PRE-M, aged 21-42 years, and 31 POST-M, aged 43-68 years) who observed RIF. Anthropometrics, sex hormones, lipid profile, pro-inflammatory (TNF-), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and aging biomarker insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1); all were tested 1 week before and at the fourth week of Ramadan.
Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass, fat mass index, triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure significantly ( < 0.05) decreased at the end of Ramadan in both groups in comparison to the pre-fasting period. Contrarily, HDL, SOD, GPx, and IL-10 significantly ( < 0.05) increased in both groups. Estrogen levels significantly ( < 0.05) decreased in PRE-M women, whereas significantly ( < 0.05) increased in POST-M women. The progesterone levels, TAC, MDA, and IGF-1 remained unchanged in both groups. TNF- significantly decreased in both groups, but the magnitude of reduction was higher in PRE-M women. Sex hormones and some metabolic biomarkers, especially in POST-M women, variably exhibited positive or negative relationships to BMI and BFP. RIF may influence the levels of estrogen, TNF-, and IL-10 through improvements in metabolic health, reductions in body fat, activation of autophagy, modulation of immune responses, and changes in hormonal regulation.
The RIF was generally associated with improved anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in both PRE-M and POST-M healthy women. Adhering to healthy dietary and lifestyle guidelines by pre-and post-menopausal women during Ramadan may foster the health benefits gained.
绝经过渡显著影响心脏代谢健康，主要归因于生殖激素的变化，尤其是雌激素水平下降和雄激素相对过剩。成年穆斯林女性，无论绝经前还是绝经后，每年都必须遵守斋月间歇性禁食（RIF）。因此，本研究旨在调查RIF对绝经前（PRE-M）和绝经后（POST-M）健康女性心脏代谢健康标志物的影响。本研究进一步评估了测试标志物与参与者基本变量（如BMI和体脂率）之间的关系。由于两组之间生理和代谢生物标志物存在差异，RIF可能对PRE-M和POST-M女性产生不同影响。
本研究纳入了62名遵守RIF的健康女性（31名PRE-M，年龄21 - 42岁；31名POST-M，年龄43 - 68岁）。测量了人体测量学指标、性激素、血脂谱、促炎（TNF-）、抗炎（IL-10）细胞因子、氧化应激标志物丙二醛（MDA）、总抗氧化能力（TAC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）以及衰老生物标志物胰岛素样生长因子-1（IGF-1）；所有指标均在斋月前1周和斋月第4周进行检测。
与禁食前相比，两组在斋月结束时体重、BMI、腰围、体脂百分比（BFP）、脂肪量、脂肪量指数、甘油三酯和舒张压均显著（<0.05）下降。相反，两组的高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、SOD、GPx和IL-10均显著（<0.05）升高。PRE-M女性雌激素水平显著（<0.05）下降，而POST-M女性雌激素水平显著（<0.05）升高。两组的孕酮水平、TAC、MDA和IGF-1均保持不变。两组的TNF-均显著下降，但PRE-M女性下降幅度更大。性激素和一些代谢生物标志物，尤其是POST-M女性，与BMI和BFP呈现出不同的正相关或负相关关系。RIF可能通过改善代谢健康、减少体脂、激活自噬、调节免疫反应和改变激素调节来影响雌激素、TNF-和IL-10的水平。
RIF通常与PRE-M和POST-M健康女性人体测量学、代谢、炎症和氧化应激标志物的改善有关。绝经前和绝经后女性在斋月期间遵循健康的饮食和生活方式指南可能会增强所获得的健康益处。
