Elbehiry Ayman, Abalkhail Adil, Anajirih Nuha, Alkhamisi Fahad, Aldamegh Mohammed, Alramzi Abdullah, AlShaqi Riyad, Alotaibi Naif, Aljuaid Abdullah, Alzahrani Hilal, Alzaben Feras, Rawway Mohammed, Ibrahem Mai, Abdelsalam Moustafa H, Rizk Nermin I, Mostafa Mohamed E A, Alfaqir Moneef Rohail, Edrees Husam M, Alqahtani Mubarak
Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, P.O. Box 6666, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia.
Medical Emergency Services Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Qunfudah P.O. Box 1109, Saudi Arabia.
Diseases. 2024 Dec 3;12(12):311. doi: 10.3390/diseases12120311.
() is a Gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the gastric epithelium and is associated with a range of gastrointestinal disorders, exhibiting a global prevalence of approximately 50%. Despite the availability of treatment options, frequently reemerges and demonstrates increasing antibiotic resistance, which diminishes the efficacy of conventional therapies. Consequently, it is imperative to explore non-antibiotic treatment alternatives to mitigate the inappropriate use of antibiotics. This review examines infection, encompassing transmission pathways, treatment modalities, antibiotic resistance, and eradication strategies. Additionally, it discusses alternative therapeutic approaches such as probiotics, anti-biofilm agents, phytotherapy, phototherapy, phage therapy, lactoferrin therapy, and vaccine development. These strategies aim to reduce antimicrobial resistance and enhance treatment outcomes for infections. While alternative therapies can maintain low bacterial levels, they do not achieve complete eradication of . These therapies are designed to bolster the immune response, minimize side effects, and provide gastroprotective benefits, rendering them suitable for adjunctive use alongside conventional treatments. Probiotics may serve as adjunctive therapy for ; however, their effectiveness as a monotherapy is limited. Photodynamic and phage therapies exhibit potential in targeting infections, including those caused by drug-resistant strains, without the use of antibiotics. The development of a reliable vaccine is also critical for the eradication of . This review identifies candidate antigens such as , , and , along with various vaccine formulations, including vector-based and subunit vaccines. Some vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials, while others have shown robust immune protection in preclinical studies. Nevertheless, each of the aforementioned alternative therapies requires thorough preclinical and clinical evaluation to ascertain their efficacy, side effects, cost-effectiveness, and patient compliance.
（）是一种革兰氏阴性螺旋形细菌，它定植于胃上皮细胞，并与一系列胃肠道疾病相关，全球患病率约为50%。尽管有多种治疗选择，但（该细菌）经常复发并表现出日益增加的抗生素耐药性，这降低了传统疗法的疗效。因此，探索非抗生素治疗替代方案以减少抗生素的不当使用势在必行。本综述考察了（该细菌）感染，包括传播途径、治疗方式、抗生素耐药性和根除策略。此外，还讨论了替代治疗方法，如益生菌、抗生物膜剂、植物疗法、光疗、噬菌体疗法、乳铁蛋白疗法和疫苗研发。这些策略旨在降低抗菌药物耐药性并提高（该细菌）感染的治疗效果。虽然替代疗法可以维持低细菌水平，但它们无法完全根除（该细菌）。这些疗法旨在增强免疫反应、最小化副作用并提供胃保护益处，使其适合与传统治疗联合使用。益生菌可作为（该细菌感染的）辅助治疗；然而，它们作为单一疗法的有效性有限。光动力和噬菌体疗法在靶向（该细菌）感染方面显示出潜力，包括由耐药菌株引起的感染，且无需使用抗生素。研发可靠的疫苗对于根除（该细菌）也至关重要。本综述确定了候选抗原，如（具体抗原名称）、（具体抗原名称）和（具体抗原名称），以及各种疫苗制剂，包括基于载体的疫苗和亚单位疫苗。一些疫苗在临床试验中已证明有效，而另一些在临床前研究中显示出强大的免疫保护作用。然而，上述每种替代疗法都需要进行全面的临床前和临床评估以确定其疗效、副作用、成本效益和患者依从性。
