Impact of a Gluten-Free Diet in Adults With Celiac Disease: Nutritional Deficiencies and Challenges.

Celiac disease (CD) is a long-term inflammatory condition affecting the small intestines, characterized by bowel villi atrophy and mucosal histological alterations that lead to impaired nutrient absorption and metabolic changes. While a gluten-free diet (GFD) is recognized as one of the most effective treatments, it presents significant challenges including increased expenses, potential nutritional deficiencies, and various social and psychological implications. This review evaluates the comprehensive impact of GFD on CD patients, examining its efficacy in preventing complications like osteoporosis and alleviating symptoms, while also addressing the difficulties in maintaining complete gluten elimination. Although many individuals experience symptom resolution and recovery through dietary adherence, the restrictive nature of GFD can lead to nutritional deficiencies. Furthermore, patients often face psychological challenges including anxiety, fear, sleep disturbances, and other mental health concerns while maintaining the diet. This review synthesizes the current understanding of both the therapeutic benefits and multifaceted challenges associated with GFD adherence in CD management, providing insights into its effects on patients' physical health and quality of life.