Jahan-Mihan Alireza, Leftwich Jamisha, Berg Kristin, Labyak Corinne, Nodarse Reniel R, Allen Sarah, Griggs Jennifer
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
Greenleaf Behavioral Health, 2209 Pineview Dr., Valdosta, GA 31602, USA.
Nutrients. 2024 Dec 11;16(24):4276. doi: 10.3390/nu16244276.
An increasing number of studies highlight the critical role of both maternal and paternal nutrition and body weight before conception in shaping offspring health. Traditionally, research has focused on maternal factors, particularly in utero exposures, as key determinants of chronic disease development. However, emerging evidence underscores the significant influence of paternal preconception health on offspring metabolic outcomes. While maternal health remains vital, with preconception nutrition playing a pivotal role in fetal development, paternal obesity and poor nutrition are linked to increased risks of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in children. This narrative review aims to synthesize recent findings on the effects of both maternal and paternal preconception health, emphasizing the need for integrated early interventions. The literature search utilized PubMed, UNF One Search, and Google Scholar, focusing on RCTs; cohort, retrospective, and animal studies; and systematic reviews, excluding non-English and non-peer-reviewed articles. The findings of this review indicate that paternal effects are mediated by epigenetic changes in sperm, such as DNA methylation and non-coding RNA, which influence gene expression in offspring. Nutrient imbalances during preconception in both parents can lead to low birth weight and increased metabolic disease risk, while deficiencies in folic acid, iron, iodine, and vitamin D are linked to developmental disorders. Additionally, maternal obesity elevates the risk of chronic diseases in children. Future research should prioritize human studies to explore the influence of parental nutrition, body weight, and lifestyle on offspring health, ensuring findings are applicable across diverse populations. By addressing both maternal and paternal factors, healthcare providers can better reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated risks in future generations.
越来越多的研究强调孕前父母双方的营养和体重对塑造后代健康起着关键作用。传统上，研究主要集中在母亲因素，特别是子宫内暴露，将其视为慢性病发展的关键决定因素。然而，新出现的证据强调了父亲孕前健康对后代代谢结果的重大影响。虽然母亲健康仍然至关重要，孕前营养在胎儿发育中起关键作用，但父亲肥胖和营养不良与代谢紊乱风险增加有关，包括儿童2型糖尿病和心血管疾病。这篇叙述性综述旨在综合近期关于父母双方孕前健康影响的研究结果，强调需要进行综合早期干预。文献检索利用了PubMed、UNF One Search和谷歌学术，重点关注随机对照试验；队列研究、回顾性研究和动物研究；以及系统评价，排除非英文和非同行评审的文章。这篇综述的结果表明，父亲的影响是由精子中的表观遗传变化介导的，如DNA甲基化和非编码RNA，这些变化会影响后代的基因表达。父母双方孕前的营养失衡会导致低出生体重和代谢疾病风险增加，而叶酸、铁、碘和维生素D的缺乏与发育障碍有关。此外，母亲肥胖会增加儿童患慢性病的风险。未来的研究应优先进行人体研究，以探索父母营养、体重和生活方式对后代健康的影响，确保研究结果适用于不同人群。通过解决父母双方的因素，医疗保健提供者可以更好地降低后代代谢综合征及其相关风险的患病率。
