Andersen Catherine J, Fernandez Maria Luz
Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
School of Nutrition and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85712, USA.
Nutrients. 2024 Dec 27;17(1):42. doi: 10.3390/nu17010042.
Biomarkers constitute a valuable tool to diagnose both the incidence and the prevalence of chronic diseases and may help to inform the design and effectiveness of precision nutrition interventions. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the foremost cause of death all over the world. While the reasons that lead to increased risk for CVD are multifactorial, dyslipidemias, plasma concentrations of specific lipoproteins, and dynamic measures of lipoprotein function are strong biomarkers to predict and document coronary heart disease incidence. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the biomarkers and emerging approaches that can be utilized to characterize lipoprotein profiles as predictive tools for assessing CVD risk, including the assessment of traditional clinical lipid panels, measures of lipoprotein efflux capacity and inflammatory and antioxidant activity, and omics-based characterization of lipoprotein composition and regulators of lipoprotein metabolism. In addition, we discuss demographic, genetic, metagenomic, and lifestyle determinants of lipoprotein profiles-such as age, sex, gene variants and single-nucleotide polymorphisms, gut microbiome profiles, dietary patterns, physical inactivity, obesity status, smoking and alcohol intake, and stress-which are likely to be essential factors to explain interindividual responses to precision nutrition recommendations to mitigate CVD risk.
生物标志物是诊断慢性病发病率和患病率的宝贵工具，可能有助于为精准营养干预措施的设计和有效性提供信息。心血管疾病（CVD）仍然是全球首要的死亡原因。虽然导致心血管疾病风险增加的原因是多方面的，但血脂异常、特定脂蛋白的血浆浓度以及脂蛋白功能的动态指标是预测和记录冠心病发病率的有力生物标志物。本综述的目的是全面评估可用于将脂蛋白谱表征为评估心血管疾病风险的预测工具的生物标志物和新兴方法，包括传统临床血脂指标的评估、脂蛋白流出能力以及炎症和抗氧化活性的测定，以及基于组学的脂蛋白组成和脂蛋白代谢调节因子的表征。此外，我们还讨论了脂蛋白谱的人口统计学、遗传学、宏基因组学和生活方式决定因素，如年龄、性别、基因变异和单核苷酸多态性、肠道微生物群谱、饮食模式、身体活动不足、肥胖状况、吸烟和饮酒以及压力，这些可能是解释个体对精准营养建议减轻心血管疾病风险反应差异的关键因素。
