Alexakis Leonidas, Buczkowski Hubert, Ducatez Mariette, Fusaro Alice, Gonzales Jose L, Kuiken Thijs, Ståhl Karl, Staubach Christoph, Svartström Olov, Terregino Calogero, Willgert Katriina, Melo Miguel, Kohnle Lisa
EFSA J. 2025 Jan 10;23(1):e9204. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9204. eCollection 2025 Jan.
Between 21 September and 6 December 2024, 657 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) and A(H5N5) virus detections were reported in domestic (341) and wild (316) birds across 27 countries in Europe. Many HPAI outbreaks in domestic birds were clustered in areas with high poultry density and characterised by secondary farm-to-farm spread. Waterfowl, particularly the mute swan, were primarily affected during this reporting period, with HPAI virus detections focused on south-eastern Europe. Notably, A(H5N5) viruses expanded their geographic and host range, resulting in a surge in detections and mortality events described in gulls and crows. No new HPAI virus detections in mammals were reported in Europe during this reporting period, but the number of dairy cattle farms reportedly affected in the United States of America (USA) rose to >800 in 16 States, and HPAI virus was identified in two pigs in a mixed-species farm. Between 21 September and 11 December 2024, 56 new human cases with avian influenza virus infection were reported from North America (45 A(H5N1) cases), Viet Nam (one A(H5)) and China (ten A(H9N2) cases). Most of the A(H5) human cases in North America (95.6%, = 43/45) had reported exposure to poultry, live poultry markets, or dairy cattle prior to avian influenza virus detection or onset of illness. Human infections with avian influenza viruses remain rare and no evidence of human-to-human transmission has been documented in the reporting period. The risk of infection with currently circulating avian A(H5) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b in Europe remains low for the general public in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The risk of infection remains low-to-moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.
2024年9月21日至12月6日期间，欧洲27个国家的家禽（341例）和野禽（316例）中报告了657起高致病性禽流感A(H5N1)和A(H5N5)病毒检测事件。许多家禽中的高致病性禽流感疫情集中在家禽密度高的地区，其特征是农场间出现二次传播。在此报告期内，水禽尤其是疣鼻天鹅受到主要影响，高致病性禽流感病毒检测集中在欧洲东南部。值得注意的是，A(H5N5)病毒扩大了其地理和宿主范围，导致海鸥和乌鸦中的检测和死亡事件激增。在此报告期内，欧洲未报告哺乳动物中有新的高致病性禽流感病毒检测事件，但据报道，美国16个州受影响的奶牛场数量增至800多个，并且在一个混养农场的两头猪中检测到高致病性禽流感病毒。2024年9月21日至12月11日期间，北美（45例A(H5N1)病例）、越南（1例A(H5)病例）和中国（10例A(H9N2)病例）报告了56例新的禽流感病毒感染人类病例。北美大多数A(H5)人类病例（95.6%，即43/45）在禽流感病毒检测或发病前报告有接触家禽、活禽市场或奶牛的情况。人类感染禽流感病毒仍然罕见，且在本报告期内未记录到人际传播的证据。对于欧盟/欧洲经济区（EU/EEA）的普通公众而言，感染欧洲目前正在传播的2.3.4.4b分支禽流感A(H5)病毒的风险仍然较低。对于那些职业性或其他方式接触受感染动物或受污染环境的人，感染风险仍然为低到中度。
