Alexakis Leonidas, Buczkowski Hubert, Ducatez Mariette, Fusaro Alice, Gonzales Jose L, Kuiken Thijs, Ståhl Karl, Staubach Christoph, Svartström Olov, Terregino Calogero, Willgert Katriina, Melo Miguel, Kohnle Lisa
EFSA J. 2025 Apr 15;23(4):e9352. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9352. eCollection 2025 Apr.
Between 7 December 2024 and 7 March 2025, 743 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) virus detections were reported in domestic (239) and wild (504) birds across 31 countries in Europe. HPAI A(H5N1) virus detections were predominant and mainly located in central, western and south-eastern Europe. Most HPAI A(H5) virus detections in wild birds concerned waterfowl, particularly mute swans, barnacle geese and greylag geese. Limited secondary spread was observed among the poultry outbreaks, and outdoor poultry access remained an important risk factor at the interface between wild and domestic birds. HPAI A(H5N5) outbreaks occurred only in wild birds and were increasingly reported in waterfowl. For the first time since spring 2024, several HPAI virus detections were reported in domestic cats and wild carnivores in Europe. In the United States of America (USA), the number of dairy cattle farms reportedly affected rose to almost 1000 in 17 States, and a different HPAI A(H5N1) virus genotype (D1.1) was reported in this species. Between 12 December 2024 and 7 March 2025, 22 new cases of avian influenza virus infection in humans were reported in the USA (12 A(H5) cases), Cambodia (two A(H5N1) cases), United Kingdom (one A(H5N1) case), and China (six A(H9N2) cases and one A(H10N3) case). Most of the A(H5) human cases (93%, = 14/15) had reported exposure to poultry or dairy cattle prior to avian influenza virus detection or onset of illness. Considering the widespread circulation of avian influenza viruses in animal populations, human infections with avian influenza viruses remain infrequent. No evidence of human-to-human transmission has been documented during the reporting period. The risk of infection with the avian A(H5) influenza viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b currently circulating in Europe remains low for the general public in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). The risk of infection remains low-to-moderate for those occupationally or otherwise exposed to infected animals or contaminated environments.
2024年12月7日至2025年3月7日期间，欧洲31个国家的家养（239例）和野生（504例）鸟类中报告了743例高致病性禽流感（HPAI）A(H5)病毒检测结果。HPAI A(H5N1)病毒检测结果占主导地位，主要集中在欧洲中部、西部和东南部。野生鸟类中大多数HPAI A(H5)病毒检测结果涉及水禽，特别是疣鼻天鹅、黑雁和灰雁。在家禽疫情中观察到有限的二次传播，户外家禽接触仍然是野生鸟类和家养鸟类接触界面的一个重要风险因素。HPAI A(H5N5)疫情仅在野生鸟类中发生，且在水禽中的报告越来越多。自2024年春季以来，欧洲首次在家养猫和野生食肉动物中报告了几例HPAI病毒检测结果。在美国，据报道，17个州受影响的奶牛场数量增至近1000个，且在该物种中报告了一种不同的HPAI A(H5N1)病毒基因型（D1.1）。2024年12月12日至2025年3月7日期间，美国（12例A(H5)病例）、柬埔寨（2例A(H5N1)病例）、英国（1例A(H5N1)病例）和中国（6例A(H9N2)病例和1例A(H10N3)病例）报告了22例人类感染禽流感病毒的新病例。大多数A(H5)人类病例（93%，14/15）在检测到禽流感病毒或发病前报告有接触家禽或奶牛的情况。考虑到禽流感病毒在动物群体中的广泛传播，人类感染禽流感病毒的情况仍然很少见。在报告期内，没有记录到人际传播的证据。目前在欧洲传播的2.3.4.4b分支的禽A(H5)流感病毒对欧盟/欧洲经济区（EU/EEA）普通公众的感染风险仍然很低。对于那些职业性或其他方式接触受感染动物或受污染环境的人来说，感染风险仍然为低到中度。
