Jin Zhongwei, Lou Jing, Shu Fangzhou, Hong Zhi, Qiu Cheng-Wei
College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
Centre for Terahertz Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
Research (Wash D C). 2025 Jan 13;8:0562. doi: 10.34133/research.0562. eCollection 2025.
Recent advancements in nanotechnology have revolutionized terahertz (THz) technology. By enabling the creation of compact, efficient devices through nanoscale structures, such as nano-thick heterostructures, metasurfaces, and hybrid systems, these innovations offer unprecedented control over THz wave generation and modulation. This has led to substantial enhancements in THz spectroscopy, imaging, and especially bio-applications, providing higher resolution and sensitivity. This review comprehensively examines the latest advancements in nanoengineered THz technology, beginning with state-of-the-art THz generation methods based on heterostructures, metasurfaces, and hybrid systems, followed by THz modulation techniques, including both homogeneous and individual modulation. Subsequently, it explores bio-applications such as novel biosensing and biofunction techniques. Finally, it summarizes findings and reflects on future trends and challenges in the field. Each section focuses on the physical mechanisms, structural designs, and performances, aiming to provide a thorough understanding of the advancements and potential of this rapidly evolving technology domain. This review aims to provide insights into the creation of next-generation nanoscale THz devices and applications while establishing a comprehensive foundation for addressing key issues that limit the full implementation of these promising technologies in real-world scenarios.
纳米技术的最新进展彻底改变了太赫兹（THz）技术。通过利用纳米级结构（如纳米厚度的异质结构、超表面和混合系统）制造紧凑、高效的设备，这些创新为太赫兹波的产生和调制提供了前所未有的控制能力。这极大地提升了太赫兹光谱学、成像技术，尤其是生物应用领域的性能，实现了更高的分辨率和灵敏度。本综述全面考察了纳米工程太赫兹技术的最新进展，首先介绍基于异质结构、超表面和混合系统的先进太赫兹产生方法，接着阐述太赫兹调制技术，包括均匀调制和单独调制。随后，探讨了新型生物传感和生物功能技术等生物应用。最后，总结研究结果并思考该领域的未来趋势与挑战。每个部分都聚焦于物理机制、结构设计和性能，旨在全面理解这一快速发展的技术领域的进展和潜力。本综述旨在为下一代纳米级太赫兹设备和应用的创建提供见解，同时为解决限制这些有前景的技术在实际场景中全面应用的关键问题奠定全面基础。
