Mattingly Delvon T, Agbonlahor Osayande, Hart Joy L
Center for Health, Engagement, and Transformation, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Prev Med Rep. 2024 Dec 22;49:102956. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102956. eCollection 2025 Jan.
Discrimination is a social determinant contributing to health inequities in the United States (US). This study investigated the prevalence of, and sociodemographic disparities in, perceived everyday discrimination among a national sample of US adults.
We used data from the 2023 National Health Interview Survey ( = 27,538) and estimated the prevalence of three perceived everyday discrimination outcomes (1) any discrimination, (2) unique components of the discrimination experience, and (3) the Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) (range: 0-20) overall and by age, sex assigned at birth, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, educational attainment, income-to-poverty ratio, and urban-rural status.
Over half of US adults experienced any discrimination (55.8 %), and the most common form of perceived discrimination was being treated with less respect (45.2 %). Adults who were younger (aged 18-44), female, non-Hispanic Black, sexual minority, some college-educated, low income, or urban-living generally reported higher discrimination. For example, among the sample, non-Hispanic Black (vs. non-Hispanic White) (OR: 1.61, 95 % CI: 1.44-1.81) and sexual minority (vs. heterosexual) (OR: 2.48, 95 % CI: 2.12-2.90) adults had the highest odds of any discrimination and EDS scores (β: 1.38 (95 % CI: 1.17-1.59) and β: 1.65 (95 % CI: 1.35-1.94), respectively). The odds of perceived discrimination varied in magnitude by specific experience; for example, sexual minority adults had the highest odds of being threatened or harassed (OR: 2.93, 95 % CI: 2.52-3.42).
Perceived everyday discrimination is prevalent and differentially affects adults, especially members of marginalized and underserved populations. Understanding discrimination patterns will benefit public health and medical efforts aimed at mitigating exposure and deleterious health consequences.
歧视是导致美国健康不平等的一个社会决定因素。本研究调查了美国成年国民样本中日常感知歧视的患病率以及社会人口学差异。
我们使用了2023年全国健康访谈调查的数据（n = 27,538），并估计了三种日常感知歧视结果的患病率：（1）任何歧视，（2）歧视经历的独特组成部分，以及（3）日常歧视量表（EDS）（范围：0 - 20）的总体情况，以及按年龄、出生时指定的性别、种族和族裔、性取向、教育程度、收入与贫困比率和城乡状况划分的情况。
超过一半的美国成年人经历过任何歧视（55.8%），最常见的感知歧视形式是受到较少尊重（45.2%）。年龄较小（18 - 44岁）、女性、非西班牙裔黑人、性少数群体、受过一些大学教育、低收入或居住在城市的成年人通常报告的歧视程度较高。例如，在样本中，非西班牙裔黑人（与非西班牙裔白人相比）（OR：1.61，95% CI：1.44 - 1.81）和性少数群体（与异性恋相比）（OR：2.48，95% CI：2.12 - 2.90）成年人遭受任何歧视和EDS得分的几率最高（β分别为：1.38（95% CI：1.17 - 1.59）和β：1.65（95% CI：1.35 - 1.94））。感知歧视的几率因具体经历而有所不同；例如，性少数群体成年人受到威胁或骚扰的几率最高（OR：2.93，95% CI：2.52 - 3.42）。
日常感知歧视普遍存在，对成年人有不同影响，尤其是边缘化和服务不足人群的成员。了解歧视模式将有利于旨在减少接触和有害健康后果的公共卫生和医疗努力。
