Achievement emotions in kindergarten: the association of solution accuracy with discrete joy, sadness, and surprise.

Children experience a variety of emotions in achievement settings. Yet, mathematics-related emotions other than anxiety are understudied, especially for young children entering primary school. The current study reports the prevalence and intensity of six basic, discrete achievement emotions (joy/happiness, sadness, surprise, anger, fear, and disgust) expressed on the faces of 15 kindergarten-aged children as they solved increasingly complex arithmetic story problems in a 3-month teaching experiment. We also examine how the extent to which the expressed emotions influenced arithmetic accuracy at the end of an instructional session at the beginning, middle, and end of the teaching experiment. Through the application of , the three most intensely expressed emotions at the launch of the instructional sessions were happiness/joy, sadness, and surprise. Using functional regressions, these expressed achievement emotions predicted arithmetic accuracy at the end of the instructional session. However, when the effect of session over time was added to the model, the relationship between happiness/joy and accuracy, as well as sadness and accuracy, became non-significant. In contrast, the relationship between surprise and accuracy remained significant. We discuss potential explanations for these patterns of significance and non-significance. This study serves as a critical first step in clarifying how emotions contribute to problem-solving behavior as we grapple with how to respond to the sometimes intense, but always present emotions of young learners in ways that are affirming, as well as mathematically productive and generative.