Shenasa Naghmeh, Hamed Ahmed Mareb, Abdul Kareem Radhwan, Jaber Zrzor Athmar, Salah Mansoor Aseel, Athab Zainab H, Bayat Hannaneh, Diznab Fatemeh Abedi
Science Endodontics Department, Shahrekord University of Medical, Shahrekord, Iran.
College of Dentistry, Alnoor University, Mosul, Iraq.
Nanotoxicology. 2025 Mar;19(2):180-215. doi: 10.1080/17435390.2025.2454277. Epub 2025 Jan 30.
The mouth cavity is the second most complex microbial community in the human body. It is composed of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. An imbalance in the oral microbiota may lead to various conditions, including caries, soft tissue infections, periodontitis, root canal infections, peri-implantitis (PI), pulpitis, candidiasis, and denture stomatitis. Additionally, several locally administered antimicrobials have been suggested for dentistry in surgical and non-surgical applications. The main drawbacks are increased antimicrobial resistance, the risk of upsetting the natural microbiota, and hypersensitivity responses. Because of their unique physiochemical characteristics, nanoparticles (NPs) can circumvent antibiotic-resistance mechanisms and exert antimicrobial action via a variety of new bactericidal routes. Because of their anti-microbial properties, carbon-based NPs are becoming more and more effective antibacterial agents. Periodontitis, mouth infections, PI, dentin and root infections, and other dental diseases are among the conditions that may be treated using carbon NPs (CNPs) like graphene oxide and carbon dots. An outline of the scientific development of multifunctional CNPs concerning oral disorders will be given before talking about the significant influence of CNPs on dental health. Some of these illnesses include Periodontitis, oral infections, dental caries, dental pulp disorders, dentin and dental root infections, and PI. We also review the remaining research and application barriers for carbon-based NPs and possible future problems.
口腔是人体中第二复杂的微生物群落。它由细菌、病毒、真菌和原生动物组成。口腔微生物群的失衡可能导致多种病症，包括龋齿、软组织感染、牙周炎、根管感染、种植体周围炎（PI）、牙髓炎、念珠菌病和义齿性口炎。此外，已有几种局部应用的抗菌剂被建议用于牙科的手术和非手术应用中。主要缺点是抗菌耐药性增加、扰乱自然微生物群的风险以及过敏反应。由于其独特的物理化学特性，纳米颗粒（NPs）可以规避抗生素耐药机制，并通过多种新的杀菌途径发挥抗菌作用。由于其抗菌特性，碳基纳米颗粒正成为越来越有效的抗菌剂。牙周炎、口腔感染、种植体周围炎、牙本质和牙根感染以及其他牙科疾病都可以使用氧化石墨烯和碳点等碳纳米颗粒（CNPs）进行治疗。在讨论碳纳米颗粒对牙齿健康的重大影响之前，将概述多功能碳纳米颗粒在口腔疾病方面的科学发展。这些疾病包括牙周炎、口腔感染、龋齿、牙髓疾病、牙本质和牙根感染以及种植体周围炎。我们还将审视碳基纳米颗粒目前尚存的研究和应用障碍以及未来可能出现的问题。
