Fayyaz Fahad Ali, Aziz Irfan, Ansar Muhammad, Akmal Muhammad, Alamri Saud, Alfagham Alanoud T, Gamrat Renata, Qayyum Abdul
Department of Agronomy, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
Institute of Soil and Environmental Science, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, 46300, Pakistan.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jan 31;15(1):3874. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88088-z.
Lack of site-specific nutrients information for different cropping systems has been a major challenge in addressing declining soil fertility levels and enhance crop productivity in Punjab, Pakistan. Therefore, the study was designed to assess and quantify soil physico-chemical characteristics, crop yield and economic feasibility of different cropping systems (CS), including groundnut-wheat (G-W), rice-wheat (R-W), fallow-gram/wheat (F-G/W), mix cropping (Mix C) and cotton-wheat (C-W). A total of 470 georeferenced soil samples were collected using a random survey approach, and the samples were analyzed for soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter percentage (OM), total nitrogen percentage (TN), accessible phosphorus (AvP) (mg kg) and extractable potassium (ExK) (mg kg). For crop yield and economic feasibility, the data collected for each crop were summed up and mean data for every cropping system were compared. Cotton-wheat cropping system had the highest mean value of EC (1.57 dS/m), while mix cropping showed the maximum level of OM (0.53%), TN (0.028%), AvP (5.16 mg kg), yield (10.09 t ha), gross revenue (PK Rs. 87,883) and benefit cost ratio (2.2). The R-W cropping system had the highest pH (8.37), ExK (127.39 mg kg) and total cost (PK Rs. 46,882.25). Curiously, the fallow-gram/wheat cropping system had lower value of OM, TN, AvP, ExK, yield, GR and BCR, highlighted its poor performance compared to mix cropping system. Deficiencies in OM were widespread across all cropping systems, with only 3.1% of samples under mix cropping system being in the medium range. Similarly, TN %, AvP and ExK were deficient in varying degrees across all cropping systems, particularly in the fallow-gram/wheat cropping system. Spatial variability maps showed that nutrient deficiencies were more pronounced from the southern to northern side of study area. Our findings indicate that mixed cropping can improve soil health and enhance crop productivity, supporting the need for targeted nutrient management in Punjab agriculture systems.
在巴基斯坦旁遮普省，缺乏针对不同种植系统的特定地点养分信息一直是应对土壤肥力下降和提高作物产量的主要挑战。因此，本研究旨在评估和量化不同种植系统（CS）的土壤物理化学特性、作物产量和经济可行性，包括花生-小麦（G-W）、水稻-小麦（R-W）、休耕-鹰嘴豆/小麦（F-G/W）、混合作物（Mix C）和棉花-小麦（C-W）。采用随机抽样方法共收集了470个地理参考土壤样本，并对样本进行了土壤质地、pH值、电导率（EC）、有机质百分比（OM）、总氮百分比（TN）、有效磷（AvP）（mg/kg）和速效钾（ExK）（mg/kg）分析。对于作物产量和经济可行性，将每种作物收集的数据进行汇总，并比较每个种植系统的平均数据。棉花-小麦种植系统的EC平均值最高（1.57 dS/m），而混合作物的OM（0.53%）、TN（0.028%）、AvP（5.16 mg/kg）、产量（10.09 t/ha）、总收入（巴基斯坦卢比87,883）和效益成本比（2.2）水平最高。R-W种植系统的pH值最高（8.37）、ExK（127.39 mg/kg）和总成本（巴基斯坦卢比46,882.25）最高。奇怪的是，休耕-鹰嘴豆/小麦种植系统的OM、TN、AvP、ExK、产量、GR和BCR值较低，突出了其与混合作物系统相比的较差表现。OM缺乏在所有种植系统中普遍存在，混合作物系统中只有3.1%的样本处于中等范围。同样，TN%、AvP和ExK在所有种植系统中都存在不同程度的缺乏，特别是在休耕-鹰嘴豆/小麦种植系统中。空间变异图显示，养分缺乏在研究区域的南部到北部更为明显。我们的研究结果表明，混合作物可以改善土壤健康并提高作物产量，支持旁遮普农业系统中针对性养分管理的必要性。
