Vakilzadehian Niyousha, Moradi Yasamin, Allela Omer Qutaiba B, Al-Hussainy Ali Fawzi, Al-Nuaimi Ali M Ali, Al-Hussein Rouaida Kadhim A, Jawad Mahmood Jasem, Gandomkar Hossein, Moradi Samaneh
Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, faculty of medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Guy Hilton Research Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
Int J Mol Cell Med. 2024;13(4):417-435. doi: 10.22088/IJMCM.BUMS.13.4.417.
Gastric cancer has become the leading type of cancer on an international scale, with metastatic cancer being the leading cause of mortality associated with this illness. Consequently, methods for early detection have been established, mainly through the use of non-invasive biomarkers present in different bodily fluids. Exosomes are distinct extracellular vehicles that transport cellular signals over long distances via diverse contents. They may be readily seen in bodily fluids due to their secretion by gastric cancer cells or cells in the gastric cancer-tumor microenvironment. Given this context, multiple biological and functional features of human tumors, especially gastric cancer, are intricately connected to exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Exosomal microRNAs play a crucial role in several stages of gastric cancer progression, facilitating the transfer of genetic information between cancer cells and other cells. This process regulates tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, immunological responses, and medication resistance. They engage with several regulatory complexes that have different enzymatic activities. These complexes then alter the chromatin landscapes, including changes to nucleosomes, DNA methylation, and alterations to histones. This research delves into the essential regulatory mechanisms of exosomes in gastric cancer. Furthermore, the existing understanding of the functions of exosomal miRNAs in this context was evaluated, aiming to confirm their potential significance in identifying biomarkers, elucidating their roles in immune evasion and drug resistance, and ultimately evaluating therapeutic strategies.
胃癌已成为国际范围内主要的癌症类型，转移性癌症是导致该疾病死亡的主要原因。因此，已建立了早期检测方法，主要是通过检测存在于不同体液中的非侵入性生物标志物。外泌体是独特的细胞外载体，可通过多种成分远距离传递细胞信号。由于它们由胃癌细胞或胃癌肿瘤微环境中的细胞分泌，因此很容易在体液中看到。在此背景下，人类肿瘤尤其是胃癌的多种生物学和功能特征与外泌体非编码RNA（ncRNA）密切相关。外泌体微小RNA在胃癌进展的几个阶段中起关键作用，促进癌细胞与其他细胞之间的遗传信息传递。这一过程调节肿瘤血管生成、生长、转移、免疫反应和耐药性。它们与具有不同酶活性的几种调节复合物相互作用。这些复合物随后会改变染色质格局，包括核小体变化、DNA甲基化以及组蛋白改变。本研究深入探讨了外泌体在胃癌中的重要调控机制。此外，评估了目前对这种情况下外泌体微小RNA功能的理解，旨在确认它们在识别生物标志物方面的潜在意义，阐明它们在免疫逃逸和耐药性中的作用，并最终评估治疗策略。
