A comprehensive cell atlas of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larval gut and fat body via snRNA-Seq.

The midgut and fat body of insects control key physiological processes, including growth, digestion, metabolism, and stress response. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) is a promising way to reveal organ complexity at the cellular level, yet data for lepidopteran insects are lacking. We utilized snRNA-seq to assess cellular diversity in the midgut and fat body of Spodoptera frugiperda. Our study identified 20 distinct clusters in the midgut, including enterocytes, enteroendocrine, stem-like cells, and muscle cells, and 27 clusters in the fat body, including adipocytes, hemocytes, and epithelial cells. This dataset, containing all identified cell types in midgut and fat body, is valuable for characterizing the cellular composition of these organs and uncovering new cell-specific biomarkers. This cellular atlas enhances our understanding of cellular heterogeneity of fat and midgut, serving as a basis for future functional and comparative analyses. As the first snRNA-seq study on the midgut and fat body of S. frugiperda, it will also support future research, contribute to lepidopteran studies, and aid in developing targeted pest control strategies.