Optimizing concurrent training programs: A review on factors that enhance muscle strength.

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors that should be considered when designing concurrent training programs to minimize the "interference effect." This study provides a comprehensive summary of various perspectives from existing studies on factors such as the ability level of the target group, the frequency and intensity of concurrent training, the order and interval time of resistance and endurance training, nutritional arrangements during training, and gender differences in concurrent training. The results of this study suggest that the emergence of the "interference effect" in concurrent training is influenced by several factors, with a particular emphasis on the adaptation status of muscle fitness when compared to resistance training alone. However, it is important to note that the current understanding of this theory remains somewhat ambiguous. The ability level of participants plays a crucial role in training adaptation and the specificity of post-training skeletal muscle molecular responses. Therefore, the participant's capacity level is likely a key determinant of the extent of the interference effect in concurrent training. In addition to training-related factors such as frequency, duration, intensity, volume, training sequence, recovery time, and nutritional intake, non-training-related variables, including the methodology used to assess various metrics, also significantly impact the design of concurrent training programs. These factors collectively influence the overall outcomes and provide insight into the extent of the "interference effect" in concurrent training. Understanding these aspects is essential for comprehending the phenomenon of the "interference effect" in concurrent training.