3D Bioprinting of Microbial-based Living Materials for Advanced Energy and Environmental Applications.

Microorganisms, serving as super biological factories, play a crucial role in the production of desired substances and the remediation of environments. The emergence of 3D bioprinting provides a powerful tool for engineering microorganisms and polymers into living materials with delicate structures, paving the way for expanding functionalities and realizing extraordinary performance. Here, the current advancements in microbial-based 3D-printed living materials are comprehensively discussed from material perspectives, covering various 3D bioprinting techniques, types of microorganisms used, and the key parameters and selection criteria for polymer bioinks. Endeavors on the applications of 3D printed living materials in the fields of energy and environment are then emphasized. Finally, the remaining challenges and future trends in this burgeoning field are highlighted. We hope our perspective will inspire some interesting ideas and accelerate the exploration within this field to reach superior solutions for energy and environment challenges.