Liu Changlin, Sheng Lizhi, Jiang Lili
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University Jilin 132013 P. R. China
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore.
RSC Adv. 2025 Mar 17;15(10):7995-8018. doi: 10.1039/d4ra08490j. eCollection 2025 Mar 6.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are extensively utilized in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems to meet the growing energy demand, due to their high energy density, extended lifespan, and absence of the memory effect. However, their high performance is significantly diminished at low temperatures. Recent research indicates that the low-temperature performance of LIBs is constrained by the sluggish diffusion of Li in the electrolyte, across the interfaces, and within the electrodes. At lower temperatures, the rise in electrolyte viscosity results in a slower ion transport rate, which is a key factor affecting battery performance. The electrolyte primarily consists of lithium salts, solvents, and additives, and improvements in these three aspects are crucial for the creation of electrolytes with excellent low-temperature performance. This review systematically introduces the factors responsible for the decline in LIBs performance at low temperatures, including reduced ionic conductivity in the electrolyte, increased Li desolvation energy in the electrolyte, slow transfer kinetics at the interface, on the anode significant lithium plating and dendrite formation, and slow Li diffusion within the electrode material. Advancements in research on lithium salts, solvents, additives, and novel electrolytes are methodically presented, comprising localized high-concentration electrolytes, weakly solvating electrolytes, liquefied gas electrolytes, and polymer electrolytes. Finally, the challenges that must be addressed in current low-temperature LIBs are identified, and potential future developments in this field are anticipated.
锂离子电池（LIBs）因其高能量密度、长寿命和无记忆效应，被广泛应用于电子设备、电动汽车和储能系统，以满足不断增长的能源需求。然而，它们在低温下的高性能会显著下降。最近的研究表明，锂离子电池的低温性能受到锂在电解质中、跨界面以及电极内部扩散缓慢的限制。在较低温度下，电解质粘度的增加导致离子传输速率变慢，这是影响电池性能的关键因素。电解质主要由锂盐、溶剂和添加剂组成，在这三个方面进行改进对于制备具有优异低温性能的电解质至关重要。本文综述系统地介绍了导致锂离子电池在低温下性能下降的因素，包括电解质中离子电导率降低、电解质中锂去溶剂化能增加、界面处传输动力学缓慢、阳极上显著的锂镀层和枝晶形成以及电极材料内锂扩散缓慢。系统地介绍了锂盐、溶剂、添加剂和新型电解质的研究进展，包括局部高浓度电解质、弱溶剂化电解质、液化气电解质和聚合物电解质。最后，确定了当前低温锂离子电池必须解决的挑战，并展望了该领域未来的潜在发展。
