Sead Fadhil Faez, Jain Vicky, Roopashree R, Kashyap Aditya, Saini Suman, Chandra Sharma Girish, Bhakuni Pushpa Negi, Kazemi Mosstafa, Javahershenas Ramin
Department of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq.
Front Chem. 2025 Mar 3;13:1545252. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2025.1545252. eCollection 2025.
In the last 10 years, the synthesis of anthracene scaffolds has attracted considerable interest because of their distinctive electronic characteristics and various uses in organic electronics, photovoltaics, and therapeutics. Anthracene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is valued for its lightweight, stability, and electron transport capabilities, making it a key building block in advanced materials. Traditional synthesis methods often face challenges such as low selectivity and harsh conditions. However, recent advancements in transition metal-catalyzed reactions have transformed the field, offering more efficient and versatile approaches. This review examines methodologies utilizing transition metal catalysts like palladium, zinc, indium, cobalt, gold, iridium, rhodium and ruthenium, which have enabled novel synthetic pathways and selective formation of substituted anthracenes through cross-coupling reactions. The function of ligands, including phosphines and N-heterocyclic carbenes, in improving reaction efficiency and selectivity is also examined. The shift towards greener methodologies is noted, with a focus on minimizing waste and reducing toxic reagents. The shift towards greener methodologies is noted, with a focus on minimizing waste and reducing toxic reagents. Several case studies demonstrate the successful application of these techniques, highlighting the structural diversity and functional potential of anthracene derivatives in various applications.
在过去十年中，蒽骨架的合成因其独特的电子特性以及在有机电子学、光伏和治疗学中的多种用途而备受关注。蒽作为一种多环芳烃，因其轻质、稳定性和电子传输能力而受到重视，使其成为先进材料中的关键构建单元。传统的合成方法常常面临选择性低和条件苛刻等挑战。然而，过渡金属催化反应的最新进展改变了这一领域，提供了更高效、更通用的方法。本综述考察了利用钯、锌、铟、钴、金、铱、铑和钌等过渡金属催化剂的方法，这些方法通过交叉偶联反应实现了新型合成途径以及取代蒽的选择性形成。还考察了包括膦和N-杂环卡宾在内的配体在提高反应效率和选择性方面的作用。注意到了向更绿色方法的转变，重点是尽量减少废物和减少有毒试剂。几个案例研究证明了这些技术的成功应用，突出了蒽衍生物在各种应用中的结构多样性和功能潜力。
