Venkatesan Krishnaraju, Sivadasan Durgaramani, Abderrahmen Al Weslati Moufida, Gayasuddin Mouid Mohammed, Goyal Manoj, Bansal Monika, Salama Mohamed El-Dosoky Mohamed, Azizullah Ghori Syed, Ahmad Fazil
Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 62521, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia.
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2025 Mar 13;18(3):407. doi: 10.3390/ph18030407.
Wound healing is a complex process involving inflammation, oxidative stress, immune modulation, and tissue regeneration. Frankincense essential oil (FEO), derived from species, is known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties. This study investigates the protective effects of FEO in an excision wound model in rats, focusing on oxidative stress reduction, inflammatory cytokine modulation, and caspase-3 regulation. The chemical composition of FEO was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Rats with excision wounds were treated with FEO, and its efficacy was assessed using biochemical and histological analyses. Caspase-3 expression, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CD68 levels were measured, along with oxidative stress markers. Wound contraction, epithelialization and collagen synthesis were also evaluated. Immunohistochemical and histopathological assessments were performed to analyze inflammatory infiltration and tissue remodeling. FEO, rich in (10.52%) and (7.31%), significantly downregulated caspase-3, reducing apoptosis in the wound environment. It also lowered IL-1β and TNF-α levels, confirming anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, FEO modulated CD68 expression, shifting the wound environment from inflammatory to healing. The oil antioxidant activity reduced oxidative stress, limiting caspase-3-mediated apoptosis and enhancing cell survival. FEO treatment accelerated wound contraction, improved epithelialization, and increased collagen synthesis. Histological analysis revealed reduced inflammatory infiltration and enhanced tissue remodeling. FEO integrates anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms to promote wound healing and tissue repair. Its ability to modulate caspase-3, IL-1β, TNF-α, CD68, and oxidative stress markers along with its major constituents such as and highlights its potential as a natural therapeutic agent for wound management and regenerative medicine.
伤口愈合是一个复杂的过程，涉及炎症、氧化应激、免疫调节和组织再生。乳香精油（FEO）源自特定物种，以其抗炎、抗氧化和治疗特性而闻名。本研究调查了FEO在大鼠切除伤口模型中的保护作用，重点关注氧化应激的降低、炎性细胞因子的调节和半胱天冬酶 - 3的调控。使用气相色谱 - 质谱联用仪（GC - MS）分析了FEO的化学成分。对有切除伤口的大鼠用FEO进行治疗，并通过生化和组织学分析评估其疗效。测量了半胱天冬酶 - 3的表达、白细胞介素 - 1β、肿瘤坏死因子 - α和CD68水平，以及氧化应激标志物。还评估了伤口收缩、上皮化和胶原蛋白合成。进行了免疫组织化学和组织病理学评估以分析炎症浸润和组织重塑。富含[具体成分1]（10.52%）和[具体成分2]（7.31%）的FEO显著下调了半胱天冬酶 - 3，减少了伤口环境中的细胞凋亡。它还降低了白细胞介素 - 1β和肿瘤坏死因子 - α水平，证实了其抗炎作用。此外，FEO调节了CD68的表达，使伤口环境从炎症状态转变为愈合状态。该油的抗氧化活性降低了氧化应激，限制了半胱天冬酶 - 3介导的细胞凋亡并提高了细胞存活率。FEO治疗加速了伤口收缩，改善了上皮化，并增加了胶原蛋白合成。组织学分析显示炎症浸润减少且组织重塑增强。FEO整合了抗炎、抗氧化和抗凋亡机制以促进伤口愈合和组织修复。其调节半胱天冬酶 - 3、白细胞介素 - 1β、肿瘤坏死因子 - α、CD68和氧化应激标志物的能力以及其主要成分如[具体成分1]和[具体成分2]突出了其作为伤口管理和再生医学天然治疗剂的潜力。
