Venkatesh Samyama Sagare, T Malathi, Gowda Manasa A S
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560070, India.
Department of General Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Bengaluru, Karnataka 560070, India.
Obstet Gynecol Int. 2025 Mar 25;2025:1771858. doi: 10.1155/ogi/1771858. eCollection 2025.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of COVID-19 infection and vaccination on all the menstrual cycle parameters in the women of reproductive age group, 18-45 years, at a tertiary care hospital. A single-center, descriptive cross-sectional study was done from January 2, 2023, to June 24, 2023. Sampling was nonprobabilistic and purposeful. Participants were recruited via calls, in-person interviews, and online surveys. A total of 931 participants were recruited, of which 141 participants were eligible for the study. Descriptive statistics were performed for all variables. Pearson's chi-square test was done to compare categorical variables among different groups, and the Wilcoxon matched pair signed-rank test was done to compare the menstrual cycle patterns before and after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. Simple linear regression and multiple linear regression analysis were done wherever necessary. < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 931 participants were recruited, of which 141 participants were eligible for the study. The median age was 29 years. Those who reported menstrual abnormalities were mainly of the age group 18-27 ( = 62, 44.0%), resided in an urban locality ( = 123, 87.2%), and were employed (full-time/part-time) ( = 57, 40.4%). Of the 42 participants with menstrual changes, 27 (64.3%) participants experienced changes post-COVID-19 infection before their first vaccination dose and 15 (35.7%) after the first vaccination dose. In this group, 15 (35.7%) continue to experience abnormalities in their cycles. Analysis showed that participants having severe COVID-19 symptoms were more likely to have an earlier onset of menstrual abnormalities (beta = -2.072, =0.040). Participants with an above-normal BMI were more likely to have increased pain/cramps during menses (beta = 0.236, =0.0.013). Participants who were students/employed (beta = -0.365, =0.001) with an above-normal BMI (beta = 0.182, =0.024) were more likely to experience increased mood swings/tension/irritability. On comparing the onset and duration of menstrual abnormalities in the post-COVID-19 infection and postvaccination groups, it was found that the latter group had a late-onset and short-term effect, while the former group had an early-onset and long-term effect on menses. Our study shows that there is evidence of the onset of menstrual irregularities following COVID-19 infection and vaccination. The study revealed COVID-19 infection and vaccination influence menstrual cycles, the former posing a higher risk, but their effects on menstruation independent of one another are to be studied further.
本研究旨在评估新冠病毒感染和疫苗接种对一家三级护理医院中18至45岁育龄女性所有月经周期参数的影响。2023年1月2日至2023年6月24日进行了一项单中心描述性横断面研究。抽样是非概率性且有目的的。通过电话、面对面访谈和在线调查招募参与者。共招募了931名参与者，其中141名符合研究条件。对所有变量进行了描述性统计。采用Pearson卡方检验比较不同组间的分类变量，采用Wilcoxon配对符号秩检验比较新冠病毒感染和疫苗接种前后的月经周期模式。必要时进行简单线性回归和多元线性回归分析。P<0.05被认为具有统计学意义。共招募了931名参与者，其中141名符合研究条件。中位年龄为29岁。报告月经异常的主要是18至27岁年龄组（n=62，44.0%），居住在城市地区（n=123，87.2%），并且有工作（全职/兼职）（n=57，40.4%）。在42名月经有变化的参与者中，27名（64.3%）在首次接种疫苗剂量前新冠病毒感染后出现变化，15名（35.7%）在首次接种疫苗剂量后出现变化。在该组中，15名（35.7%）的月经周期继续异常。分析表明，有严重新冠症状的参与者更有可能较早出现月经异常（β=-2.072，P=0.040）。体重指数高于正常的参与者在月经期间更有可能出现疼痛/痉挛加剧（β=0.236，P=0.013）。是学生/有工作的参与者（β=-0.365，P=0.001）且体重指数高于正常（β=0.182，P=0.024）更有可能出现情绪波动/紧张/易怒加剧。比较新冠病毒感染后组和疫苗接种后组月经异常的 onset和持续时间，发现后一组有迟发和短期影响，而前一组对月经有早发和长期影响。我们的研究表明，有证据表明新冠病毒感染和疫苗接种后会出现月经不规律。该研究揭示新冠病毒感染和疫苗接种会影响月经周期，前者风险更高，但它们对月经的相互独立影响有待进一步研究。
