Qu Zilu, Wu Jiarun, Kueh Yee Cheng, Ye Dongqing, Kuan Garry
School of Physical Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
PeerJ. 2025 Apr 9;13:e19093. doi: 10.7717/peerj.19093. eCollection 2025.
The concept of physical literacy (PL) originated from the philosophy of lifelong sports, and its development is crucial for achieving lifelong sports goals. The Portuguese Physical Literacy Assessment Questionnaire (PPLA-Q) is a tool designed to assess the physical literacy of high school students, demonstrating good reliability and validity. The aim of this study is to translate and adapt the PPLA-Q into Chinese (PPLA-Q-C) and validate its applicability among adolescents in Gansu, China through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
A total of 780 middle school students from Gansu Province, China, aged 15-18, participated. After screening, the final sample size was 729. The English PPLA-Q was translated into Chinese and validated through expert review and pre-testing. Data were collected in September 2022 a self-reported survey, with an effective response rate of 93.5%. Data analysis was conducted using Mplus 8.3 with the robust maximum likelihood (MLR) estimator. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed model fit using standardized root mean square residual (SRMR), root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and comparative fit index (CFI) indices. Construct validity was evaluated through composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and factor correlations. The study followed ethical guidelines and received approval from Universiti Sains Malaysia's ethics committee.
All observed items exhibited high factor loadings, confirming that the assumed model, consisting of 40 items grouped into four latent variables, was consistent with the original model. The CFA model demonstrated a good fit with the data, as indicated by fit indices: RMSEA = .024 (90% CI [.020-.027]), CFI = .978, TLI = .977, SRMR = .032.
The final measurement model comprised 40 items, all retained and considered acceptable for the sample. The study results suggest that the Chinese version of PPLA-Q (PPLA-Q-C) is effective and reliable for assessing the PL of high school students in Gansu Province, China. Education practitioners and policymakers can utilize the PPLA-Q-C framework in their future work to assess the PL of Chinese-speaking students.
身体素养（PL）的概念源于终身运动理念，其发展对于实现终身运动目标至关重要。葡萄牙身体素养评估问卷（PPLA-Q）是一种旨在评估高中生身体素养的工具，具有良好的信效度。本研究旨在将PPLA-Q翻译成中文（PPLA-Q-C），并通过验证性因素分析（CFA）在中国甘肃省青少年中验证其适用性。
共有780名来自中国甘肃省、年龄在15至18岁的中学生参与。经过筛选，最终样本量为729。将英文PPLA-Q翻译成中文，并通过专家评审和预测试进行验证。数据于2022年9月收集——采用自填式问卷调查，有效回复率为93.5%。使用Mplus 8.3和稳健最大似然估计器（MLR）进行数据分析。验证性因素分析（CFA）使用标准化根均方残差（SRMR）、近似根均方误差（RMSEA）、塔克-刘易斯指数（TLI）和比较拟合指数（CFI）来评估模型拟合度。通过组合信度（CR）、平均提取方差（AVE）和因素相关性来评估结构效度。本研究遵循伦理准则，并获得了马来西亚理科大学伦理委员会的批准。
所有观测项目均呈现出较高的因素负荷，证实由40个项目组成的假设模型，分为四个潜在变量，与原始模型一致。CFA模型与数据拟合良好，拟合指数表明：RMSEA = 0.024（90%置信区间[0.020 - 0.027]），CFI = 0.978，TLI = 0.977，SRMR = 0.032。
最终测量模型包含40个项目，所有项目均保留且对样本来说可接受。研究结果表明，中文版PPLA-Q（PPLA-Q-C）对于评估中国甘肃省高中生的身体素养是有效且可靠的。教育从业者和政策制定者在未来工作中可利用PPLA-Q-C框架来评估说中文学生的身体素养。
