Villamil-Galindo Esteban, Jacobo-Velázquez Daniel A, Piagentini Andrea Marcela
Instituto de Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe 3000, Argentina.
Antioxidants (Basel). 2025 Feb 27;14(3):287. doi: 10.3390/antiox14030287.
The circular economy approach offers innovative solutions for valorizing apple by-products through biofortification strategies transforming waste into high-value products and reducing environmental impact. This study evaluates innovative solutions for valorizing Granny Smith apple peel (RM) through biofortification in phenolic compounds using individual or combined abiotic stresses, like wounding stress and ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation. The effects of cutting type (Ct) [whole (C1), 5 mm (C2), 1.5 mm (C3)], storage temperature (ST) [20, 15, 10, 5 °C], and storage time (TM) [0, 12, 24, 48, 72 h] on phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and phenolic profiles were studied first. The results show that higher stress intensity (C3, 15 °C, 48 h) significantly enhanced secondary metabolism, leading to notable increases in PAL activity (1201%), PPO activity (308%), TPC levels (108-118%), and Procyanidin B2 (PACB2, 22%), the predominant phenolic compound. These changes were critical for improving the bioactive properties and antioxidant potential of RM. The second assay combined wounding stress (same levels of Ct and ST of previous assay, TM: 56 h) with UVA radiation (UVA-D) [0, 86.4 KJ m, 172.8 KJ m], determining the optimal conditions (C3, UVA-D 66 KJ m, 17 °C) for maximizing PAL activity (0.12-0.20 ΔA h⁻ mg⁻), and TPC (3.3 g GAE kg⁻). This study demonstrates the potential of combined abiotic stresses as cost-effective scalable tools to biofortify RM, promoting the sustainable and value-added utilization of agro-industrial by-products.
循环经济方法通过生物强化策略为苹果副产品增值提供了创新解决方案，即将废物转化为高价值产品并减少环境影响。本研究评估了通过使用诸如创伤胁迫和紫外线A（UVA）辐射等单独或组合的非生物胁迫对酚类化合物进行生物强化来使澳洲青苹果皮（RM）增值的创新解决方案。首先研究了切割类型（Ct）[完整（C1）、5毫米（C2）、1.5毫米（C3）]、储存温度（ST）[20、15、10、5℃]和储存时间（TM）[0、12、24、48、72小时]对苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性、总酚含量（TPC）以及酚类谱的影响。结果表明，较高的胁迫强度（C3、15℃、48小时）显著增强了次生代谢，导致PAL活性（1201%）、PPO活性（308%）、TPC水平（108 - 118%）以及主要酚类化合物原花青素B2（PACB2，22%）显著增加。这些变化对于改善RM的生物活性特性和抗氧化潜力至关重要。第二项试验将创伤胁迫（与先前试验的Ct和ST水平相同，TM：56小时）与UVA辐射（UVA - D）[0、86.4 KJ m、172.8 KJ m]相结合，确定了使PAL活性（0.12 - 0.20ΔA h⁻ mg⁻）和TPC（3.3 g GAE kg⁻）最大化的最佳条件（C3、UVA - D 66 KJ m、17℃）。本研究证明了组合非生物胁迫作为经济高效的可扩展工具对RM进行生物强化的潜力，促进了农业工业副产品的可持续和增值利用。
