Thangudu Suresh, Su Chia-Hao
Center for General Education, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Apr 15;23(1):293. doi: 10.1186/s12951-025-03333-x.
Bacterial infections continue to pose a major threat to public health, contributing to high mortality rates worldwide. The growing ineffectiveness of conventional antibiotics has created an urgent need for alternative solutions. Nanomaterials (NMs) have emerged as a promising approach to combating bacterial infections due to their unique physicochemical properties, and extensive research has been conducted to address this crisis, yielding notable results. However, challenges such as limited light absorption and inherent cytotoxicity remain significant concerns. Furthermore, the clinical adoption of single-mode phototherapy is often restricted by the shallow tissue penetration of traditional light sources. The second biological window (NIR-II, 950-1450 nm) offers a groundbreaking opportunity for therapeutic and diagnostic applications by enabling deeper tissue penetration. As a result, growing research efforts are dedicated to developing NIR-II activated photosensitizers and nanomaterials to overcome challenges such as poor light absorption, limited tissue penetration, and suboptimal activation. Despite significant advancements, a comprehensive review of antibacterial nanomaterials specifically designed for the NIR-II window is still lacking in literature. This review aims to fill that gap by discussing the latest advancements, challenges, and potential of light-activated antibacterial nanomaterials within the BW-II region. The goal is to enhance understanding and guide the development of more efficient nanomaterials for future biomedical and clinical applications.
细菌感染继续对公众健康构成重大威胁，在全球范围内导致高死亡率。传统抗生素有效性的不断下降迫切需要替代解决方案。由于其独特的物理化学性质，纳米材料已成为对抗细菌感染的一种有前景的方法，并且已经进行了广泛的研究来应对这一危机，取得了显著成果。然而，诸如光吸收有限和固有细胞毒性等挑战仍然是重大问题。此外，单模光疗的临床应用通常受到传统光源组织穿透浅的限制。第二个生物窗口（近红外二区，950 - 1450纳米）通过实现更深的组织穿透为治疗和诊断应用提供了一个开创性的机会。因此，越来越多的研究致力于开发近红外二区激活的光敏剂和纳米材料，以克服诸如光吸收差、组织穿透有限和激活不理想等挑战。尽管取得了重大进展，但文献中仍缺乏专门针对近红外二区窗口设计的抗菌纳米材料的全面综述。本综述旨在通过讨论光激活抗菌纳米材料在近红外二区区域内的最新进展、挑战和潜力来填补这一空白。目标是增进理解并指导开发更高效的纳米材料用于未来的生物医学和临床应用。
