Yasmin Hadida, Ramesh Remya P G, Joseph Ann Mary, Kishore Uday
Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India.
Department of Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), UAE University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
Front Immunol. 2025 Apr 3;16:1519789. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1519789. eCollection 2025.
Fibroblasts are cells of mesenchymal origin with a range of phenotypic diversity and heterogeneity. One of the major functions of fibroblasts is the formation and turnover of the extracellular matrix and establishing a tissue structure by forming a matrisome from embryonic development to the adult stage. It plays an indispensable role in extracellular matrix remodeling during injury, repair, and infection, providing a scaffold for cell-to-cell interaction. Despite their important pathophysiological roles, molecular markers for tissue-resident fibroblasts are only now being identified. Fibroblasts acquire molecular signatures based on anatomical locations, thus impacting their phenotypic heterogeneity despite their overlapping morphology. Fibroblasts are now recognized as key immune sentinel cells, capable of regulating the inflammatory milieu through their distinct functional subsets that are designed to respond differently with unique immune signatures. Fibroblasts can detect pathogenic and danger signals through their diverse pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and release soluble mediators that can modulate the immune infiltrates at the site of tissue injury and repair. This review discusses the diversity and heterogeneity of fibroblasts in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer's patches, and their contributions to a range of pathological and physiological processes. The role of trans-differentiated effector fibroblast phenotypes that modulate the expression and function of various innate immune components (PRRs, cytokines, chemokines, and complement) in maintaining homeostasis has also been discussed.
成纤维细胞是间充质来源的细胞，具有一系列表型多样性和异质性。成纤维细胞的主要功能之一是细胞外基质的形成和更新，并通过从胚胎发育到成年阶段形成基质体来建立组织结构。它在损伤、修复和感染期间的细胞外基质重塑中发挥着不可或缺的作用，为细胞间相互作用提供支架。尽管它们具有重要的病理生理作用，但组织驻留成纤维细胞的分子标志物直到现在才被确定。成纤维细胞根据解剖位置获得分子特征，因此尽管它们的形态重叠，但仍会影响其表型异质性。成纤维细胞现在被认为是关键的免疫哨兵细胞，能够通过其不同的功能亚群调节炎症环境，这些亚群被设计为以独特的免疫特征做出不同反应。成纤维细胞可以通过其多样的模式识别受体（PRR）检测致病和危险信号，并释放可溶性介质，这些介质可以调节组织损伤和修复部位的免疫浸润。本综述讨论了成纤维细胞在二级淋巴器官如淋巴结、脾脏和派尔集合淋巴结中的多样性和异质性，以及它们对一系列病理和生理过程的贡献。还讨论了转分化效应成纤维细胞表型在维持体内平衡中调节各种先天免疫成分（PRR、细胞因子、趋化因子和补体）表达和功能的作用。
