Pandey Vivek, Pandey Tejasvi
Department of Chemistry, School for Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
Department of Forensic Sciences, School for Bioengineering and Biosciences Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.
Nitric Oxide. 2025 Aug;157:34-45. doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2025.04.004. Epub 2025 Apr 22.
Hydrogen Sulfide (HS) is an essential gaseous signaling molecule involved in various physiological processes, including vasodilation, neurotransmission, and anti-inflammatory responses. Accurate detection and quantification of HS in biological systems are crucial for elucidating its physiological and pathological roles. Fluorescent probes have emerged as indispensable tools for HS detection, offering high sensitivity, specificity, and the ability for real-time and non-invasive monitoring. This review discusses recent advances in the design and development of fluorescent probes for HS detection, focusing on their mechanisms, properties, and applications. We explore the different strategies employed in probe design, including reduction-based mechanisms, nucleophilic addition reactions, and cleavage of sulfide bonds. Innovations such as ratiometric probes, two-photon fluorescent probes, and multi-functional probes have significantly enhanced the capabilities of HS detection. These advancements have facilitated cellular and subcellular imaging, real-time monitoring in live organisms, and the investigation of HS-related pathologies. Despite these progresses, challenges remain, including improving probe selectivity, stability, and biocompatibility, as well as developing methods for accurate quantification in complex biological matrices. Future research directions include designing probes with higher selectivity and sensitivity, integrating advanced computational modeling, and combining fluorescent probes with mass spectrometry for precise quantification. The continued development of sophisticated fluorescent probes will expand our understanding of HS biology, offering new insights into its physiological and pathological roles and paving the way for novel therapeutic strategies.
硫化氢（HS）是一种重要的气体信号分子，参与多种生理过程，包括血管舒张、神经传递和抗炎反应。在生物系统中准确检测和定量HS对于阐明其生理和病理作用至关重要。荧光探针已成为HS检测不可或缺的工具，具有高灵敏度、特异性以及实时和非侵入性监测的能力。本文综述了用于HS检测的荧光探针设计与开发的最新进展，重点介绍了它们的作用机制、性质和应用。我们探讨了探针设计中采用的不同策略，包括基于还原的机制、亲核加成反应和硫醚键的裂解。诸如比率型探针、双光子荧光探针和多功能探针等创新技术显著提高了HS检测的能力。这些进展促进了细胞和亚细胞成像、活生物体中的实时监测以及与HS相关病理的研究。尽管取得了这些进展，但仍存在挑战，包括提高探针的选择性、稳定性和生物相容性，以及开发在复杂生物基质中进行准确定量的方法。未来的研究方向包括设计具有更高选择性和灵敏度的探针、整合先进的计算模型，以及将荧光探针与质谱联用进行精确定量。先进荧光探针的持续发展将扩展我们对HS生物学的理解，为其生理和病理作用提供新的见解，并为新的治疗策略铺平道路。
