High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) is increasingly recognized for enhancing neuromuscular function, strength, power, and overall athletic performance. This review systematically examined peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2025, focusing on HIIT's impact on motor unit recruitment, muscle fiber composition, neuromuscular efficiency, maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), muscle hypertrophy, and power output. Findings indicate that HIIT significantly improves neuromuscular activation by increasing motor unit recruitment and synchronization, particularly in fast-twitch fibers essential for explosive movements. HIIT also promotes shifts toward Type II and hybrid Type IIa fibers, enhancing strength and endurance. However, despite its effectiveness in boosting RFD and explosive power, HIIT is less efficient than traditional resistance training for maximizing absolute strength and hypertrophy due to insufficient progressive overload. Integrating resistance-based and plyometric-based HIIT protocols emerged as an effective strategy to enhance strength and power concurrently. Effective periodization and recovery strategies, including active recovery and targeted nutrition, help mitigate fatigue and optimize adaptations. Notable research gaps include the long-term impacts of HIIT on neuromuscular function and the efficacy of individualized HIIT protocols based on specific athlete characteristics. Future research should focus on refining HIIT protocols for different sports, exploring its synergy with traditional resistance training, and assessing long-term adaptations to sustain strength and power gains. HIIT presents a valuable, time-efficient complement to conventional training methods for improving strength, power, and neuromuscular efficiency.