Knudsen Knud Erik Bach, Lærke Helle Nygaard, Hedemann Mette Skou, Nielsen Kirstine Lykke, Kasprzak Mirosław Marek, Jeppesen Per Bendix, Hartvigsen Merete Lindberg, Hermansen Kjeld
Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
Department of Forensic Medicine, Arhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark.
Nutrients. 2025 Apr 30;17(9):1561. doi: 10.3390/nu17091561.
Arabinoxylan (AX) concentrates from wheat can be produced from co-products from the starch and gluten industries. These fractions are rich in AX, have high solubility, can be incorporated into bread and breakfast cereals, and have the potential to enhance functional and nutritional effects beyond what is possible with cereal species. The aim of this review is to summarize the available literature on AX concentrates from wheat in terms of production, incorporation in breads, and influence on glucose homeostasis in human subjects and animals. Breads enriched in AX fiber have been found to increase the viscosity of digesta from the small intestine but with no effect on the digestibility of starch. In the large intestine, AX is, to a large extent, degraded, producing short-chain fatty acids. Across acute human and animal studies, the intake of AX concentrates has been shown to reduce the rate and extent of glucose absorption and insulin responses in a dose-dependent fashion. No general influence of AX on incretins has been identified, and the role of AX-enriched diets in appetite sensation is unclear. Medium- and long-term human and animal intervention studies demonstrated improved glucose homeostasis (fructosamine and glycated hemoglobin A1c) during the consumption of AX-enriched diets compared to placebo. Although AX concentrates across studies improved glucose homeostasis, a confounding factor to be further investigated is to what extent protein being present in relatively high concentrations in some of the produced AX-rich wheat fractions, partly or fully, is responsible for the observed homeostatic effects.
从小麦中提取的阿拉伯木聚糖（AX）浓缩物可由淀粉和麸质工业的副产品生产。这些馏分富含AX，具有高溶解性，可添加到面包和早餐谷物中，并且有可能增强功能和营养效果，这是谷物品种所无法实现的。本综述的目的是总结关于小麦AX浓缩物在生产、添加到面包中以及对人类和动物体内葡萄糖稳态的影响方面的现有文献。已发现富含AX纤维的面包可增加小肠消化物的粘度，但对淀粉的消化率没有影响。在大肠中，AX在很大程度上被降解，产生短链脂肪酸。在急性人类和动物研究中，摄入AX浓缩物已显示出以剂量依赖的方式降低葡萄糖吸收速率和程度以及胰岛素反应。尚未确定AX对肠促胰岛素有普遍影响，富含AX的饮食在食欲感觉中的作用尚不清楚。与安慰剂相比，中长期人类和动物干预研究表明，在食用富含AX的饮食期间，葡萄糖稳态（果糖胺和糖化血红蛋白A1c）得到改善。尽管不同研究中的AX浓缩物均改善了葡萄糖稳态，但一个有待进一步研究的混杂因素是，在一些生产的富含AX的小麦馏分中相对高浓度存在的蛋白质在多大程度上部分或完全导致了观察到的稳态效应。
