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成人多动症症状、体力折扣与不健康生活方式之间的关联。

Association between ADHD symptoms, physical effort discounting, and unhealthy lifestyles in adults.

作者信息

Bernacer Javier, Gambra Leyre, Rodriguez-Romero Diana, Carbonell Maria Emilia, Magallon Sara, Arrondo Gonzalo

机构信息

Mind-Brain Group, Institute for Culture and Society (ICS), University of Navarra, Edificio Biblioteca Central, Campus Universitario s/n, 31006, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain.

International Center of Neuroscience and Ethics (CINET), Tatiana Foundation, Madrid, Spain.

出版信息

Sci Rep. 2025 May 18;15(1):17255. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-02024-9.

DOI:10.1038/s41598-025-02024-9
PMID:40383835
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12086222/
Abstract

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by difficulties with attention, increased activity levels, and impulsive behaviour, which can impact social, academic, and work-related performance. Its presence in adults is often overlooked and inadequately addressed. Emerging research suggests a link between ADHD and unhealthy lifestyles, including sedentary behaviour, substance use, and effort discounting, a decision-making process where individuals undervalue rewards requiring significant physical or cognitive effort. This study investigates the association between ADHD symptoms, physical effort discounting, and indicators of unhealthy lifestyles in young adults. We recruited 181 participants aged 18-33 years. They completed the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT) and a hypothetical effort-discounting task, alongside questionnaires assessing ADHD and developmental co-ordination disorder (DCD) symptoms, physical activity, alcohol, tobacco and drug use. A logistic mixed model was used to analyze effort-discounting decisions, while regression analyses assessed the influence of ADHD symptoms and effort discounting on unhealthy lifestyle indicators. EEfRT decisions were significantly influenced by reward probability, monetary value, and ADHD medication status, whereas choices in the hypothetical effort-discounting task were influenced by money, effort and ADHD symptoms. When exploring the association between all variables, ADHD symptoms were positively correlated with effort discounting in the hypothetical task, smoking, and DCD. Effort discounting was associated with a sedentary lifestyle while smoking correlated with higher BMI and alcohol consumption. Linear and logistic regressions suggested that ADHD symptoms and effort discounting were associated with a sedentary lifestyle, and smoking status was significantly explained by ADHD symptoms. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions addressing both ADHD symptomatology and lifestyle factors to improve outcomes in affected individuals.

摘要

注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种神经发育状况，其特征是注意力方面存在困难、活动水平增加以及冲动行为，这会影响社交、学业和工作表现。成人中的ADHD往往被忽视且未得到充分处理。新出现的研究表明ADHD与不健康的生活方式之间存在联系，包括久坐行为、物质使用以及努力折扣，努力折扣是一种决策过程，个体在此过程中会低估需要大量体力或认知努力的奖励。本研究调查了年轻成年人中ADHD症状、体力努力折扣与不健康生活方式指标之间的关联。我们招募了181名年龄在18至33岁之间的参与者。他们完成了奖励任务的努力投入（EEfRT）和一个假设的努力折扣任务，同时还完成了评估ADHD和发育协调障碍（DCD）症状、身体活动、酒精、烟草和药物使用情况的问卷。使用逻辑混合模型来分析努力折扣决策，而回归分析则评估ADHD症状和努力折扣对不健康生活方式指标的影响。EEfRT决策受到奖励概率、货币价值和ADHD药物使用状况的显著影响，而假设努力折扣任务中的选择则受到金钱、努力和ADHD症状的影响。在探索所有变量之间的关联时，ADHD症状在假设任务中与努力折扣、吸烟和DCD呈正相关。努力折扣与久坐的生活方式相关，而吸烟与较高的体重指数和酒精消费相关。线性和逻辑回归表明，ADHD症状和努力折扣与久坐的生活方式相关，并且ADHD症状能显著解释吸烟状况。这些发现凸显了针对ADHD症状和生活方式因素进行有针对性干预以改善受影响个体预后的必要性。

https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/82ad5534c92b/41598_2025_2024_Fig5_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/644251d3152a/41598_2025_2024_Fig1_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/aa78ee5f263e/41598_2025_2024_Fig2_HTML.jpg
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https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/77b7e769e3cd/41598_2025_2024_Fig4_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/82ad5534c92b/41598_2025_2024_Fig5_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/644251d3152a/41598_2025_2024_Fig1_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/aa78ee5f263e/41598_2025_2024_Fig2_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/5d5dd619d949/41598_2025_2024_Fig3_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/77b7e769e3cd/41598_2025_2024_Fig4_HTML.jpg
https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/457f/12086222/82ad5534c92b/41598_2025_2024_Fig5_HTML.jpg

相似文献

[1]
Association between ADHD symptoms, physical effort discounting, and unhealthy lifestyles in adults.

Sci Rep. 2025-5-18

[2]
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Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021-7

[3]
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[4]
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[5]
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Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010-8-25

[6]
Gambling, Delay, and Probability Discounting in Adults With and Without ADHD.

J Atten Disord. 2016-11

[7]
Waiting and working for rewards: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is associated with steeper delay discounting linked to amygdala activation, but not with steeper effort discounting.

Cortex. 2018-6-7

[8]
Internal consistency and discriminant validity of a delay-discounting task with an adult self-reported ADHD sample.

J Atten Disord. 2010-5-3

[9]
Reward circuit connectivity relates to delay discounting in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012-12-1

[10]
Temporal reward discounting and ADHD: task and symptom specific effects.

J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2008

本文引用的文献

[1]
The experience of effort in ADHD: a scoping review.

Front Psychol. 2024-6-3

[2]
Unhealthy behaviors associated with mental health disorders: a systematic comparative review of diet quality, sedentary behavior, and cannabis and tobacco use.

Front Public Health. 2023

[3]
ADHD and the avoidance of mental effort: the role of response inhibition and avoidance motivation.

J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2023-8

[4]
A systematic meta-review of systematic reviews on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Eur Psychiatry. 2023-11-17

[5]
Amphetamines Improve the Motivation to Invest Effort in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

J Neurosci. 2023-10-11

[6]
Effort-based decision making in schizotypy and its relationship with amotivation and psychosocial functioning.

Front Psychiatry. 2023-2-16

[7]
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BMC Psychiatry. 2022-10-11

[8]
Objective measures of reward sensitivity and motivation in people with high low anhedonia.

Psychol Med. 2023-7

[9]
Effort-related decision making and cannabis use among college students.

Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2023-2

[10]
Effort-Related Decision-Making in ADHD.

J Psychiatr Brain Sci. 2020

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