Suhajda Ákos, Al-Nussairawi Mohammed, Amara Ines, Sörös Csilla, Tömösközi-Farkas Rita, Kriszt Balázs, Farkas Milán, Cserháti Mátyás
Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary.
Department of Clinical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq.
Curr Microbiol. 2025 May 23;82(7):302. doi: 10.1007/s00284-025-04243-9.
Beauvericin (BEA) is an emerging mycotoxin with wide-ranging bioactivity (antimicrobial and insecticide), making it a potential target for drug and pesticide development. BEA primarily produced by Beauveria, Isaria, and Fusarium species. The BEA-producing abilities of a collection of 100 Fusarium strains isolated from maize were tested using a gene-specific primer (Beas_1, Beas_2) by PCR. Among all, 23 were found to have the beauvericin synthetase (BEAS) gene sequence, which is responsible for the production of BEA. Fusarium proliferatum (6) and F. verticillioides (14) strains were producing the highest BEA concentrations. The toxin-producing ability of the strains was investigated in small bioreactors. Parallel with BEA, the most frequent Fusarium toxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON), T2, HT-2, zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), and fumonisin B2 (FB2) were also measured. Only FB1 and FB2 were observed above the detection limit, the coexistence of the FBs and BEA was measured in high concentration. In all BEA-producing strains, the FBs production could be detected. The highest BEA concentration was 3131 mg/kg, and the highest FB1 and FB2 concentrations were 4393 mg/kg and 1390 mg/kg, respectively. In the present study, the gene sequences responsible for the production of BEA in F. verticilloides isolates have not only been detected but also demonstrated with UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS to be capable of biosynthesis. From the phylogenic analysis of the BEAS gene sequences, the assumption could be made that the ability to produce BEA was conferred via horizontal gene transfer.
白僵菌素（BEA）是一种新出现的霉菌毒素，具有广泛的生物活性（抗菌和杀虫），使其成为药物和农药开发的潜在目标。BEA主要由白僵菌属、棒束孢属和镰刀菌属物种产生。使用基因特异性引物（Beas_1、Beas_2）通过聚合酶链反应（PCR）对从玉米中分离出的100株镰刀菌菌株产生BEA的能力进行了测试。其中，发现23株具有负责BEA产生的白僵菌素合成酶（BEAS）基因序列。轮枝镰刀菌（14株）和层出镰刀菌（6株）产生的BEA浓度最高。在小型生物反应器中研究了这些菌株产生毒素的能力。与BEA同时，还测定了最常见的镰刀菌毒素，如脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）、T2毒素、HT-2毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮（ZEA）、伏马菌素B1（FB1）和伏马菌素B2（FB2）。仅观察到FB1和FB2高于检测限，且FBs和BEA以高浓度共存。在所有产生BEA的菌株中，均可检测到FBs的产生。BEA的最高浓度为3131mg/kg，FB1和FB2的最高浓度分别为4393mg/kg和1390mg/kg。在本研究中，不仅检测到了轮枝镰刀菌分离物中负责BEA产生的基因序列，还通过超高效液相色谱-电喷雾电离质谱联用仪（UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS）证明其能够进行生物合成。从BEAS基因序列的系统发育分析可以推测，产生BEA的能力是通过水平基因转移获得的。
