Hooijmaijers Laura, Vidal-Manrique Marcos, Spils Bart, van Ens Diede, Rodriguez Verónica Castaño, Hobo Willemijn, de Goede Anna L, van Dorp Suzanne, Jansen Joop H, van der Waart Anniek B, de Jonge Paul K J D, Dolstra Harry
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Department of Pharmacy, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2025 May 26;82(1):210. doi: 10.1007/s00018-025-05727-4.
The adoptive transfer of natural killer (NK) cells represents a promising cancer therapy due to their intrinsic ability to distinguish between malignant and healthy cells in an allogeneic context, enabling off-the-shelf manufacturing possibilities. On demand availability of cryopreserved advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) could promote enrolment in clinical trials and eventually commercialization with repeated dosing possibilities. However, NK cells are considered highly sensitive to cryopreservation-induced defects, including impaired viability, anti-tumor cytotoxicity, and in vivo expansion capacity. Here, we present the GMP-compliant manufacturing of an off-the-shelf NK cell product (RNK001), derived ex vivo from CD34 hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). To facilitate scalability and reduce hands-on time, the production process was adapted to a G-rex bioreactor, yielding high numbers of a pure CD56CD3 NK cell product. Cryopreservation of HSPC-NK cells using an optimized freeze-thaw protocol resulted in a consistently high post-thawing viability of mature and differentiated cells. Surviving HSPC-NK cells post-thawing exhibited enhanced proliferative capacity compared to fresh cells in vitro and their persistence in vivo was similar to that of fresh cells when administrated intravenously or intraperitoneally in NOD/SCID/IL2Rg mice. Moreover, cryopreserved HSPC-NK cells had robust anti-tumor functionality, efficiently killing tumor spheroids embedded in a 3D collagen matrix and maintaining degranulation and interferon-γ production capacity comparable to fresh cells following in vivo infusion. Together, these findings show the potential of cryopreserved HSPC-NK cells with potent effector functions, allowing the manufacturing of an off-the-shelf therapeutical NK cell product for hematological and solid malignancies.
自然杀伤(NK)细胞的过继性转移是一种很有前景的癌症治疗方法,因为它们具有在异基因环境中区分恶性细胞和健康细胞的内在能力,这使得现成的产品制造成为可能。可按需提供的冷冻保存的先进治疗药品(ATMP)可以促进临床试验的入组,并最终实现可重复给药的商业化。然而,NK细胞被认为对冷冻保存引起的缺陷高度敏感,包括活力受损、抗肿瘤细胞毒性和体内扩增能力受损。在这里,我们展示了一种符合GMP标准的现成NK细胞产品(RNK001)的制造方法,该产品是从CD34造血干细胞和祖细胞(HSPC)离体衍生而来的。为了便于扩大规模并减少实际操作时间,生产过程采用了G-rex生物反应器,从而产生了大量纯净的CD56CD3 NK细胞产品。使用优化的冻融方案对HSPC-NK细胞进行冷冻保存,可使成熟和分化细胞在解冻后始终保持较高的活力。解冻后的存活HSPC-NK细胞在体外比新鲜细胞表现出更强的增殖能力,当静脉内或腹腔内注射到NOD/SCID/IL2Rg小鼠体内时,它们在体内的持久性与新鲜细胞相似。此外,冷冻保存的HSPC-NK细胞具有强大的抗肿瘤功能,能够有效杀死嵌入3D胶原基质中的肿瘤球体,并在体内输注后保持与新鲜细胞相当的脱颗粒和干扰素-γ产生能力。总之,这些发现表明冷冻保存的具有强大效应功能的HSPC-NK细胞具有潜力,能够制造出用于血液系统恶性肿瘤和实体恶性肿瘤的现成治疗性NK细胞产品。
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