Bone infection is a debilitating condition characterized by inflammation of the bone and its marrow. It poses significant challenges in clinical practice due to its recalcitrant nature and difficulty in eradicating the infecting microorganisms. Recent advancements in the field of medical biomaterials have shown hope in the treatment of bone infections. This article reviews the research progress of medical biomaterials for anti-osteomyelitis in recent years, focusing on the mechanism of action, unique advantages, and application backgrounds of various materials. At the same time, we pay attention to the need for materials used in the treatment of osteomyelitis to promote bone healing.