Piñeiro Mauricio, Parera Victoria, Ortiz Javier E, Llalla-Cordova Olimpia, Manrique Sofia, Castro Brisa, Ighani Maximiliano, Luna Lorena C, Feresin Gabriela E
Instituto de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan (UNSJ), San Juan 5400, Argentina.
Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CCT CONICET, San Juan 5400, Argentina.
Plants (Basel). 2025 May 9;14(10):1420. doi: 10.3390/plants14101420.
In Argentina and globally, pistachio () production has significantly grown, driven by its high nutritional value and food industry demand. Its harvesting and processing generate about 40% of pistachio waste (PW), including leaves, twigs, seed coats, green, and empty kernels. Underutilized PW has led to environmental problems, including soil and water contamination by landfill accumulation. However, it could be a potential source of undiscovered bioactive compounds. This study aimed to characterize the chemical profile and to evaluate the bioactive properties of PW. The dried pistachio waste (dPW) was used to prepare the pistachio waste decoction (PWD) (10% /). The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid content (FC) were quantified, and the chemical profile was analyzed using UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Nematicidal activity against (J2), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition, antioxidant capacity (ABTS, DPPH, FRAP), and phytotoxicity on , , and were evaluated. The UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified 26 compounds, including phenolics, flavonoids, and unsaturated fatty acids. The main compounds were gallic acid, anacardic acid, and quercetin derivatives. The TPC and FC were 212.65 mg GAE/g dPW and 0.022 mg QE/g dPW, respectively, displaying strong antioxidant activity across the assays DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. PWD exhibited nematicidal activity against (J2) (LC = 0.12% at 24 h). Alterations in the cuticle were observed, including structural disorganization and detachment from internal tissues. Additionally, a remarkable cholinesterase inhibitory effect was detected at 2.0% PWD (42.65% for AChE and 58.90% for BuChE). PWD showed low phytotoxic effects across the tested species, and the germination percentage (GP) and the mean germination time (MGT) were not significantly affected (GP > 79%). These findings highlight the potential of PW as a sustainable alternative for control, the remarkable nematicidal, anticholinesterase, and antioxidant properties, and the low phytotoxicity, supporting its use in sustainable agricultural practices.
在阿根廷乃至全球范围内，由于开心果具有高营养价值且食品工业需求旺盛，开心果的产量显著增长。其收获和加工过程会产生约40%的开心果废弃物（PW），包括叶子、嫩枝、种皮、绿色果仁及空壳果仁。未得到充分利用的PW引发了环境问题，包括因填埋堆积造成的土壤和水污染。然而，它可能是未被发现的生物活性化合物的潜在来源。本研究旨在表征PW的化学特征并评估其生物活性特性。将干燥的开心果废弃物（dPW）用于制备开心果废弃物煎剂（PWD）（10% /）。对总酚含量（TPC）和黄酮含量（FC）进行了定量分析，并使用超高效液相色谱 - 二极管阵列 - 电喷雾串联质谱（UPLC - DAD - ESI - MS/MS）分析其化学特征。评估了对南方根结线虫（J2）的杀线虫活性、乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和丁酰胆碱酯酶（BuChE）抑制活性、抗氧化能力（ABTS、DPPH、FRAP）以及对生菜、番茄和黄瓜的植物毒性。UPLC - DAD - ESI - MS/MS分析鉴定出26种化合物，包括酚类、黄酮类和不饱和脂肪酸。主要化合物为没食子酸、漆树酸和槲皮素衍生物。TPC和FC分别为212.65 mg GAE/g dPW和0.022 mg QE/g dPW，在DPPH、ABTS和FRAP测定中均表现出较强的抗氧化活性。PWD对南方根结线虫（J2）表现出杀线虫活性（24小时时LC = 0.12%）。观察到角质层发生改变，包括结构紊乱和与内部组织分离。此外，在2.0%的PWD浓度下检测到显著的胆碱酯酶抑制作用（AChE为42.65%，BuChE为58.90%）。PWD对所测试的物种显示出较低的植物毒性，发芽率（GP）和平均发芽时间（MGT）未受到显著影响（GP > 79%）。这些发现突出了PW作为南方根结线虫防治可持续替代方案的潜力、显著的杀线虫、抗胆碱酯酶和抗氧化特性以及低植物毒性，支持其在可持续农业实践中的应用。
