Alves Miriam, Fonseca Pedro, Fernandes Aléxia, Brito André V, Barbosa Tiago M, Vilas-Boas João Paulo
Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP-UP), 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
Sensors (Basel). 2025 May 14;25(10):3104. doi: 10.3390/s25103104.
The most hydrodynamic swimming position occurs with the head submerged, highlighting the benefit of reduced breathing frequency for efficiency. This study aimed to characterize and compare kinematics between two breaststroke breathing patterns-breathing every cycle and breathing every two cycles-while also analyzing intra-cyclic velocity variation () and fractal dimension. In the breathing every cycle pattern, each cycle included a breath. In the breathing every cycle pattern, swimmers breathed once per cycle. In the breathing every two cycles pattern, breathing occurred every second cycle, resulting in three types of cycles: breathing, non-breathing, and the breathing cycle following a non-breathing cycle. To ensure familiarity with the new breathing pattern, swimmers underwent a six-week intervention program. They then performed three maximal 25 m bouts in each breathing pattern. Kinematic data were collected using a dual-media optoelectronic system (Qualisys AB, Sweden), integrating underwater and dry-land camera recordings. The results showed minimal differences between the three cycle types. The non-breathing cycle had the shallowest and deepest head positions, the lowest horizontal head amplitude out of water, and the smallest vertical head amplitude. It also had the fastest maximum vertical velocity of the feet and maximum center of mass velocity in the swimming direction.
最具流体动力学的游泳姿势是头部浸没，这突出了降低呼吸频率对提高效率的益处。本研究旨在描述和比较两种蛙泳呼吸模式（每周期呼吸和每两周期呼吸）之间的运动学特征，同时分析周期内速度变化（）和分形维数。在每周期呼吸模式中，每个周期都包含一次呼吸。在每周期呼吸模式中，游泳者每周期呼吸一次。在每两周期呼吸模式中，每隔一个周期呼吸一次，从而产生三种类型的周期：呼吸周期、非呼吸周期以及非呼吸周期后的呼吸周期。为确保熟悉新的呼吸模式，游泳者接受了为期六周的干预计划。然后，他们在每种呼吸模式下进行了三次25米的最大强度冲刺。运动学数据通过双介质光电系统（瑞典Qualisys AB公司）收集，该系统整合了水下和陆地摄像机记录。结果显示三种周期类型之间差异极小。非呼吸周期的头部位置最浅和最深，出水时头部的水平摆动幅度最小，垂直摆动幅度也最小。它在游泳方向上的脚部最大垂直速度和最大质心速度也是最快的。
