Advances in magnetic resonance imaging of the developing brain and its applications in pediatrics.

The human brain undergoes a complex and dynamic developmental process from birth through adolescence, driven by molecular and cellular mechanisms that shape its structure and function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an essential non-invasive tool for studying pediatric brain development and detecting neurological disorders. However, pediatric neuroimaging presents unique challenges, including motion artifacts, small anatomical structures, and immature tissue properties, necessitating specialized MRI techniques. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in MRI hardware, acquisition strategies, and analytical methods optimized for pediatric brain imaging. Furthermore, it summarizes the applications of these techniques in understanding normal brain development, neurodevelopmental disorders, and the impact of early-life risk factors. This review highlights the progresses in pediatric MRI, emphasizing its critical role in advancing our understanding of pediatric brain development and neurological health. It also outlines the challenges and future directions in pediatric MRI to further improve imaging precision and clinical utility.