Antimicrobial, Time-Kill Kinetics, and Biofilm Inhibition Properties of Chewing Stick Used in Namibia Against .

Medicinal plants are used in Namibia for oral hygiene and to treat oral diseases. Validating the content and efficacy of medicinal chewsticks used in communities helps to provide proof of concept of medicinal plants used as a complementary/alternative medicine for oral diseases. This study presents the first report on quantified phytoconstituents, antimicrobial, time-kill kinetics, and biofilm inhibition properties of organic and aqueous extracts against . Dry plant materials were ground into powder and macerated in methanol and distilled water. Different phytoconstituents were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, and DPPH free radical scavenging. An antibacterial assay was performed using the agar well diffusion method and a resazurin 96-well-based assay. Kill-time assay was done at various concentrations over 4 h. Biofilm inhibition was done using the crystal violet method. Higher total flavonoid, total phenol contents, and free radical scavenging abilities were reported in methanol twig extracts. Inhibition zones of 28 ± 0.82 mm, with MICs of 15.6 ± 0.00 μg/mL, are reported against . The bactericidal endpoint of organic extracts for was reached after 4 h of incubation at 8 × MIC (124.8 μg/mL). These were comparable to the positive control, gentamicin. The organic extracts showed ≥ 50% biofilm inhibition against root canal-infecting at concentrations between 7.8 and 500 μg/mL, indicating strong biofilm inhibition. The study demonstrated that crude extracts have promising antibacterial properties and can eradicate biofilms in root canal treatments.