Berdowska Agnieszka, Bandurska Katarzyna
Department of Dietetics and Food Studies, Faculty of Science and Technology, Jan Dlugosz University, 42-200 Czestochowa, Poland.
Toxics. 2025 May 29;13(6):455. doi: 10.3390/toxics13060455.
Endosulfan, a persistent organochlorine pesticide, has raised global concern due to its toxicological effects on human health and the environment. The popularity of endosulfan was driven by its effectiveness and low cost compared to alternative insecticides. The compound's environmental persistence and bioaccumulative properties also contributed to its sustained use over several decades. Despite regulatory bans in many countries, residues of endosulfan continue to be detected in soil, water, and food sources, posing a threat through chronic exposure. Although endosulfan has been listed in the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant targeted for global elimination, it is still used illegally in some countries. This mini-review synthesizes current knowledge on its toxicological profile, including neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, potential carcinogenicity, and acute poisoning, based on the latest scientific literature. The paper also highlights current regulatory frameworks, historical usage trends, global distribution and alternatives to endosulfan in agriculture. Understanding the scope of its health impacts and ongoing risks is crucial for policymakers, researchers, and public health authorities seeking to protect populations from legacy pollutants. In addition, recognizing the long-term impacts of endosulfan is essential for effective health risk assessment, environmental monitoring, and the promotion of safer alternatives.
硫丹是一种持久性有机氯农药，因其对人类健康和环境的毒理学影响而引起全球关注。与其他替代杀虫剂相比，硫丹的有效性和低成本推动了其广泛使用。该化合物的环境持久性和生物累积特性也促使其在几十年间持续被使用。尽管许多国家已实施监管禁令，但在土壤、水和食物来源中仍能检测到硫丹残留，通过长期接触构成威胁。尽管硫丹已被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》，作为全球目标消除的持久性有机污染物，但在一些国家仍被非法使用。本综述基于最新科学文献，综合了关于其毒理学特征的现有知识，包括神经毒性、内分泌干扰、生殖毒性、潜在致癌性和急性中毒。本文还强调了当前的监管框架、历史使用趋势、全球分布以及农业中硫丹的替代品。对于寻求保护人群免受遗留污染物影响的政策制定者、研究人员和公共卫生当局而言，了解其对健康影响的范围和持续风险至关重要。此外，认识到硫丹的长期影响对于有效的健康风险评估、环境监测以及推广更安全的替代品至关重要。
