认知测试二十多年来持续存在练习效应：对纵向研究的启示。
Practice effects persist over two decades of cognitive testing: Implications for longitudinal research.
作者信息
Elman Jeremy A, Buchholz Erik, Chen Rouhui, Sanderson-Cimino Mark, Bell Tyler R, Whitsel Nathan, Bangen Katherine J, Cronin-Golomb Alice, Dale Anders M, Eyler Lisa T, Fennema-Notestine Christine, Gillespie Nathan A, Granholm Eric L, Gustavson Daniel E, Hagler Donald J, Hauger Richard L, Jacobs Diane M, Jak Amy J, Logue Mark W, Lyons Michael J, McKenzie Ruth E, Neale Michael C, Rissman Robert E, Reynolds Chandra A, Toomey Rosemary, Wingfield Arthur, Xian Hong, Tu Xin M, Franz Carol E, Kremen William S, Panizzon Matthew S
机构信息
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
出版信息
medRxiv. 2025 Jun 17:2025.06.16.25329587. doi: 10.1101/2025.06.16.25329587.
BACKGROUND
Repeated cognitive testing can boost performance due to practice effects (PEs), yet it remains unclear whether PEs persist across multiple follow-ups and long durations. We examined PEs across 17 years from midlife to old age in a nonclinical sample.
METHOD
Men (N=1,608) in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) completed neuropsychological batteries comprising 30 measures across 4 waves over 20 years. We leveraged age-matched replacement participants to estimate PEs at each wave. We compared cognitive trajectories and MCI prevalence using unadjusted versus PE-adjusted scores.
RESULT
We found significant PEs for multiple tests at all waves, especially in episodic memory and visuospatial domains. Adjusting for PEs resulted in greater cognitive decline and earlier detection of MCI, with up to 20% increased prevalence.
CONCLUSION
PEs persist across multiple assessments and decades, even with long testing intervals, underscoring the importance of accounting for PEs in longitudinal studies and clinical trials.
背景
重复的认知测试可因练习效应（PEs）提高表现，但PEs在多次随访和长时间内是否持续尚不清楚。我们在一个非临床样本中研究了从中年到老年17年间的PEs。
方法
越南时代双生子衰老研究（VETSA）中的男性（N = 1608）在20年中完成了4轮包含30项测量的神经心理测试。我们利用年龄匹配的替代参与者来估计每一轮的PEs。我们使用未调整分数与经PE调整的分数比较认知轨迹和轻度认知障碍（MCI）患病率。
结果
我们发现在所有轮次的多项测试中均有显著的PEs，尤其是在情景记忆和视觉空间领域。对PEs进行调整导致更大的认知衰退和更早检测到MCI，患病率增加高达20%。
结论
即使测试间隔时间长，PEs在多次评估和数十年间持续存在，强调了在纵向研究和临床试验中考虑PEs的重要性。
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