Abdelkhalig Sozan M, Ali Arwa Gamal, Ghaly Mohamed Farouk, Alharbi Nada K, Alharbi Maha, Bendary Mahmoud M, Abousaty Amira I
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2025 Jun 30;15:1604507. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2025.1604507. eCollection 2025.
Complicated wound infections pose a significant challenge to patient recovery and healthcare systems, particularly due to the emergence of less common but highly resistant multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens that undermine the efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapies. This growing threat highlights the urgent need for innovative antimicrobial approaches.
In this study, we synthesized eco-friendly silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using garlic extract to combat complicated wound infections caused by atypical MDR pathogens.
Genetic sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, aligned with phenotypic identification methods, confirmed that () as a significant atypical pathogen responsible for complicated wound infections, with a prevalence rate of 24% (12 out of 50 cases). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all identified strains exhibited MDR patterns. Garlic extract, analyzed using GC-MS and UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, identified sulfur-containing bioactive compounds such as allyl methyl trisulfide, dimethyl trisulfide, and allicin, which facilitated the biosynthesis of AgNPs. Stable, spherical AgNPs (15-20 nm) with strong antimicrobial properties were confirmed under optimal conditions (10 mL garlic extract, 40°C, pH 8.0). Their properties were validated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM. Antibacterial assays of AgNPs showed mean inhibition zones of 28±0.5 mm and MIC values of 100 µg/mL. TEM analysis revealed that AgNPs compromised bacterial membrane integrity, leading to structural damage, increased permeability, and leakage of intracellular contents. Simultaneously, they induced a concentration-dependent depletion of intracellular glutathione (GSH) in , suggesting that both membrane disruption and oxidative stress synergistically contribute to bacterial cell lysis and death. A strong synergistic interaction was observed between AgNPs, used at a safe concentration below 50 µM as confirmed by cytotoxicity assays, and antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, as evidenced by a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of 0.37. Time-kill assays demonstrated rapid bacterial eradication when AgNPs were combined with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin.
These findings underscore the promise of garlic-derived silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a fast-acting, eco-friendly option for treating complex wound infections caused by atypical multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens.
复杂伤口感染对患者康复和医疗系统构成重大挑战，尤其是由于出现了不太常见但具有高度耐药性的多重耐药（MDR）病原体，削弱了传统抗生素疗法的疗效。这种日益严重的威胁凸显了对创新抗菌方法的迫切需求。
在本研究中，我们使用大蒜提取物合成了生态友好型银纳米颗粒（AgNPs），以对抗由非典型MDR病原体引起的复杂伤口感染。
16S rRNA基因的基因测序与表型鉴定方法一致，证实（）为导致复杂伤口感染的重要非典型病原体，患病率为24%（50例中有12例）。抗菌药敏试验表明，所有鉴定出的菌株均呈现MDR模式。使用气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）和超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱（UPLC-ESI-MS/MS）分析大蒜提取物，鉴定出含硫生物活性化合物，如烯丙基甲基三硫化物、二甲基三硫化物和大蒜素，这些化合物促进了AgNPs的生物合成。在最佳条件下（10 mL大蒜提取物、40°C、pH 8.0），证实形成了具有强抗菌性能的稳定球形AgNPs（15 - 20 nm）。使用紫外-可见光谱（UV-Vis）、X射线衍射（XRD）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对其性能进行了验证。AgNPs的抗菌试验显示平均抑菌圈为28±0.5 mm，最低抑菌浓度（MIC）值为100 µg/mL。TEM分析表明，AgNPs破坏了细菌膜的完整性，导致结构损伤、通透性增加和细胞内内容物泄漏。同时，它们诱导了（）细胞内谷胱甘肽（GSH）浓度依赖性消耗，表明膜破坏和氧化应激协同导致细菌细胞裂解和死亡。细胞毒性试验证实，在低于50 µM的安全浓度下使用的AgNPs与环丙沙星等抗生素之间观察到强烈的协同相互作用，分级抑菌浓度（FIC）指数为0.37证明了这一点。时间-杀菌试验表明，当AgNPs与环丙沙星等抗生素联合使用时，能快速根除细菌。
这些发现强调了大蒜衍生的银纳米颗粒（AgNPs）作为治疗由非典型多重耐药（MDR）病原体引起复杂伤口感染的快速起效、生态友好型选择的前景。
