Dworkin R H, Goldfinger S H
J Pers. 1985 Sep;53(3):480-501. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00378.x.
An approach to investigating individual differences in the cognition of situations is presented. Situations are characterized in terms of Gibson's notion of affordances, and it is suggested that individuals differ in the extent to which they differentially process information specifying certain types of affordances rather than others. This differential cognitive processing of a situational affordance is termed a "processing bias." It is proposed that processing biases are manifest in an individual's anticipation, perception, and memory of situations. To illustrate the approach, a processing bias for social vs. nonsocial affordances is investigated within and among these three cognitive domains. The relationship of this processing bias to two facets of the personality trait dimension of sociability--overall level and self-schemata--is also examined. Such research on processing biases may help to clarify the role of cognition in person-situation interactions. The greatest strength of the approach is that its characterization of individual differences in cognition and behavior is complementary to a general approach to describing human environments.
本文提出了一种研究个体在情境认知方面差异的方法。情境是根据吉布森的可供性概念来描述的，研究表明个体在对特定类型可供性而非其他类型可供性的信息进行差异处理的程度上存在差异。这种对情境可供性的差异认知处理被称为“加工偏差”。研究提出加工偏差体现在个体对情境的预期、感知和记忆中。为了说明该方法，在这三个认知领域内和之间研究了对社会与非社会可供性的加工偏差。还考察了这种加工偏差与社交性人格特质维度的两个方面——总体水平和自我图式——之间的关系。对加工偏差的此类研究可能有助于阐明认知在人-情境互动中的作用。该方法的最大优势在于，其对认知和行为个体差异的描述与描述人类环境的一般方法相辅相成。
