Eco-Friendly electrochemical sensor for vildagliptin detection in human plasma: green approach using ZnO nanoparticles and graphene oxide.

A fast, sensitive, and selective voltammetric method utilizing a modified glassy carbon electrode with zinc oxide nanoparticles and graphene oxide (ZnO-NPs / GOs/ GCE) was developed for the determination of vildagliptin (VID). The electrochemical oxidative behavior of VID as well as the morphological characterization of the modified electrode were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The determination of VID using the used sensor was shown to have a linear relationship over a concentration range of (15-150 µg/ml) under optimized conditions, with an LOD of 4.9 µg/ml and an LOQ of 15 µg/ml. The used sensor demonstrated good reproducibility, repeatability, and stability. Moreover, the proposed method was successfully used for the determination of VID in pharmaceutical dosage tablets and human plasma with good recovery. The green analytical procedure index (GAPI) method was also used to assess this method's greenness.