Gedda Gangaraju, Putta Chandra Lekha, Verma Anamika, Ramesh Sasvat Sayee Ram, Girma Wubshet Mekonnen, Park Yoo-Jin, Rengan Aravind Kumar, Pang Myung-Geol
Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, 17546, Republic of Korea.
Central Research Laboratory, K S Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangaluru, 575018, Karnataka, India.
Mater Today Bio. 2025 Jul 16;33:102091. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.102091. eCollection 2025 Aug.
Globally, viruses have impacted health, economy, and mental well-being of all humankind. Several advanced treatments and vaccines have been developed to overcome this problem. With the advancements in nanoscience and technology in the biomedical field, nanomaterials are now widely used in detection, diagnosis, and therapy. Carbon dots (CDs) have gained significant attention because of their remarkable physical, chemical, and biological properties. The bioactive features of CDs obtained from natural sources, including their antibacterial, anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant capabilities, have been investigated. However, a broad scope exists to expand these studies and resolve the ambiguity in understanding the associated mechanisms. Hence, it is worth gathering knowledge regarding the potential natural sources of CDs that can help fight novel viral infections. In this review, we begin with a brief introduction in the first section, followed by an overview of viral structure, life cycle, modes of host entry, and current treatment strategies in the second section. The third section discusses the emergence of novel viruses. In the fourth and fifth sections, we examine the application of nanotechnology in managing viral infections, with particular emphasis on the use of CDs and their potential as protective agents against viral diseases. Section six highlights the challenges and limitations associated with the clinical application of CDs. Finally, we summarize the key findings and discuss the future prospects of CDs in antiviral therapy. This review is intended to serve as a valuable reference for the development of innovative treatment strategies against various viral infections.
在全球范围内，病毒已经影响了全人类的健康、经济和心理健康。为克服这一问题，人们已经研发出了几种先进的治疗方法和疫苗。随着生物医学领域纳米科学与技术的进步，纳米材料如今被广泛应用于检测、诊断和治疗。碳点（CDs）因其卓越的物理、化学和生物学特性而备受关注。人们已经对从天然来源获得的碳点的生物活性特征进行了研究，包括它们的抗菌、抗癌、抗病毒和抗氧化能力。然而，在扩大这些研究范围以及解决对相关机制理解上的模糊性方面，仍有很大的空间。因此，有必要收集有关碳点潜在天然来源的知识，这有助于对抗新型病毒感染。在这篇综述中，我们在第一部分首先进行简要介绍，接着在第二部分概述病毒结构、生命周期、宿主进入方式以及当前的治疗策略。第三部分讨论新型病毒的出现。在第四和第五部分，我们研究纳米技术在管理病毒感染中的应用，特别强调碳点的使用及其作为抗病毒疾病保护剂的潜力。第六部分强调了与碳点临床应用相关的挑战和局限性。最后，我们总结关键发现，并讨论碳点在抗病毒治疗中的未来前景。这篇综述旨在为开发针对各种病毒感染的创新治疗策略提供有价值的参考。
