Ylönen Marika, Heinänen Mikko, Lauritsalo Seppo, Paloneva Juha, Rosqvist Eerika
Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Hospital Nova of Central Finland, Wellbeing Services County of Central Finland, Hoitajantie 3, Jyväskylä, FI-40620, Finland.
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Trauma Unit and Helsinki Trauma Registry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
BMC Med Educ. 2025 Jul 24;25(1):1107. doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07715-5.
Although regular and structured trauma team simulation training effectively improves non-technical skills, such training is expensive to conduct and perform. To improve the cost-effectiveness of trauma team training, we studied learning dynamics and examined health professionals' demographic variables (age, gender, occupation, work experience, and training frequency) and self-assessed non-technical skills before and after a 2-hour in situ trauma team simulation with debriefing. We used self-assessment for practicality. Our goal was to determine whether demographic variables associate with self-assessed skill improvements and to measure the trainings' impact on these skills.
This cross-sectional study conducted 2-hour multidisciplinary in situ trauma simulation sessions from 2013 to 2021. Data were collected using pre-post self-assessment questionnaires, including trainees' demographic variables and non-technical skills. The association of demographic variables with non-technical skills was analysed using a linear mixed model.
Data were collected from 293 trauma team simulation sessions involving 1557 trainees. Work experience associated with all non-technical skills were studied. Age associated with communication, problem identification, confidence of one's own role in a team, being under authority, and time management. Occupation had minor effects. Training frequency associated with one skill (being under authority). Gender was not associated with any skills measured. Overall, trainees showed improvement in all non-technical skills during the simulations.
Our findings suggest that work experience and age influence self-assessed non-technical skills following in situ trauma team simulations, highlighting the value of simulation-based training across all experience levels. Regular and varied simulation sessions may particularly support the development of younger professionals. The observed minimal effects of gender, occupation, and training frequency indicate that the training content and structure are broadly applicable. Further research is warranted to confirm these results and explore long-term impacts.
尽管定期且结构化的创伤团队模拟训练能有效提升非技术技能，但这种训练的实施和开展成本高昂。为提高创伤团队训练的成本效益，我们研究了学习动态，并考察了卫生专业人员的人口统计学变量（年龄、性别、职业、工作经验和培训频率），以及在一次为时2小时并配有汇报环节的现场创伤团队模拟训练前后他们自我评估的非技术技能。我们采用自我评估是出于实用性考虑。我们的目标是确定人口统计学变量是否与自我评估的技能提升相关联，并衡量训练对这些技能的影响。
这项横断面研究在2013年至2021年期间开展了为时2小时的多学科现场创伤模拟训练课程。使用前后自我评估问卷收集数据，包括受训人员的人口统计学变量和非技术技能。使用线性混合模型分析人口统计学变量与非技术技能之间的关联。
收集了来自293次创伤团队模拟训练课程的数据，涉及1557名受训人员。研究了与所有非技术技能相关的工作经验。年龄与沟通、问题识别、在团队中对自身角色的信心、服从权威和时间管理相关。职业影响较小。培训频率与一项技能（服从权威）相关。性别与所测量的任何技能均无关联。总体而言，受训人员在模拟训练期间所有非技术技能均有提高。
我们的研究结果表明，工作经验和年龄会影响现场创伤团队模拟训练后自我评估的非技术技能，凸显了基于模拟的训练在所有经验水平中的价值。定期且多样化的模拟训练课程可能对年轻专业人员的发展尤其有帮助。观察到的性别、职业和培训频率的微小影响表明训练内容和结构具有广泛适用性。有必要进行进一步研究以证实这些结果并探索长期影响。
