Forever young: China's migration regime and age patterns.

Chinese institutional arrangements, particularly the system, hinder long-term settlement of internal migrants by limiting their access to social benefits. This article proposes a new method for assessing migrant settlement: the use of age data to investigate the link between migrant "flow" and "stock". We contend that migrants' inability to settle mainly derives from two sources: the difficulties in maintaining migrant family togetherness, and the impediments to long-term residence of migrants themselves. Age-related indices were developed to compare China's internal migration with other countries' internal and international migration. The results indicate a "China difference" in migration age patterns - child and elderly dependents of migrant workers are discouraged from migrating, while migrants growing old tend to return to the origins than to remain in the destinations. Consequently, family togetherness and long-term residence in the destinations are often unachievable for migrants. Our analyses highlight China's unique migrant labor regime, where temporary migrant workers are continuously "recycled" to keep destinations' workforce "forever young", reducing production costs of Chinese goods in global markets. Methodologically, our age-based "mobile-to-settled" transition framework and "settlement rate" of migrants in the transition are of value in examining migrant settlement chances more generally, applicable to internal and international migration beyond China.